Abstract:The role of shear stress was investigated in a biomimetic microfluidic model that recapitulates the initial physiological microenvironment of neovascularization.
“…By fabricating the device with elastic materials, the device itself can be deformed by stretching and shrinking to exert mechanical stimuli over the ECs [ 106 ]. Changes in the components such as adding glucose [ 100 ], vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [ 123 ], tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) [ 124 , 125 ], adenosine triphosphate (ATP) [ 117 ], or EDTA [ 126 ] in the cell culture medium yield to exert chemical stimuli over the cells. Experiments combined with micropatterning can also be conducted by modifying the surface properties of the substrate like hardness and hydrophilicity by coating with hydrogel or other materials [ 127 , 128 ] or by plasma treatment [ 8 ].…”
The vascular endothelial cells constitute the innermost layer. The cells are exposed to mechanical stress by the flow, causing them to express their functions. To elucidate the functions, methods involving seeding endothelial cells as a layer in a chamber were studied. The chambers are known as parallel plate, T-chamber, step, cone plate, and stretch. The stimulated functions or signals from endothelial cells by flows are extensively connected to other outer layers of arteries or organs. The coculture layer was developed in a chamber to investigate the interaction between smooth muscle cells in the middle layer of the blood vessel wall in vascular physiology and pathology. Additionally, the microfabrication technology used to create a chamber for a microfluidic device involves both mechanical and chemical stimulation of cells to show their dynamics in in vivo microenvironments. The purpose of this study is to summarize the blood flow (flow inducing) for the functions connecting to endothelial cells and blood vessels, and to find directions for future chamber and device developments for further understanding and application of vascular functions. The relationship between chamber design flow, cell layers, and microfluidics was studied.
“…By fabricating the device with elastic materials, the device itself can be deformed by stretching and shrinking to exert mechanical stimuli over the ECs [ 106 ]. Changes in the components such as adding glucose [ 100 ], vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [ 123 ], tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) [ 124 , 125 ], adenosine triphosphate (ATP) [ 117 ], or EDTA [ 126 ] in the cell culture medium yield to exert chemical stimuli over the cells. Experiments combined with micropatterning can also be conducted by modifying the surface properties of the substrate like hardness and hydrophilicity by coating with hydrogel or other materials [ 127 , 128 ] or by plasma treatment [ 8 ].…”
The vascular endothelial cells constitute the innermost layer. The cells are exposed to mechanical stress by the flow, causing them to express their functions. To elucidate the functions, methods involving seeding endothelial cells as a layer in a chamber were studied. The chambers are known as parallel plate, T-chamber, step, cone plate, and stretch. The stimulated functions or signals from endothelial cells by flows are extensively connected to other outer layers of arteries or organs. The coculture layer was developed in a chamber to investigate the interaction between smooth muscle cells in the middle layer of the blood vessel wall in vascular physiology and pathology. Additionally, the microfabrication technology used to create a chamber for a microfluidic device involves both mechanical and chemical stimulation of cells to show their dynamics in in vivo microenvironments. The purpose of this study is to summarize the blood flow (flow inducing) for the functions connecting to endothelial cells and blood vessels, and to find directions for future chamber and device developments for further understanding and application of vascular functions. The relationship between chamber design flow, cell layers, and microfluidics was studied.
“…Now, the model has been gradually improved on the basis of mathematical functions of the nucleoplasmic distribution, cell surface tension, droplet radius, viscosity, suction, and pipette radius. For example, Fan's team’s microfluidic chip can simulate the microenvironment of the initial stage of angiogenesis in vitro , and can precisely regulate the wall shear, transendothelial flow, interstitial flow, and growth factor concentration gradient of endothelial cells ( Zhao et al., 2021 ). Figure 8 Micropipette technology (A) Schematic diagram of a typical micropipette assay ( Mohammadalipour et al., 2018 ).…”
Section: Biophysical Detection Methods Involved In Tumor Immune Escapementioning
“…In vivo, sprouting has been correlated with both low [108][109][110] and high levels of WSS [111,112]. In vitro, WSS levels ranging from 3 to 15 dyn cm −2 have been reported to both attenuate [67,113] and enhance sprouting [114,115]. Moreover, the royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rsif J. R. Soc.…”
Favouring or thwarting the development of a vascular network is essential in fields as diverse as oncology, cardiovascular disease or tissue engineering. As a result, understanding and controlling angiogenesis has become a major scientific challenge. Mechanical factors play a fundamental role in angiogenesis and can potentially be exploited for optimizing the architecture of the resulting vascular network. Largely focusing on
in vitro
systems but also supported by some
in vivo
evidence, the aim of this Highlight Review is dual. First, we describe the current knowledge with particular focus on the effects of fluid and solid mechanical stimuli on the early stages of the angiogenic process, most notably the destabilization of existing vessels and the initiation and elongation of new vessels. Second, we explore inherent difficulties in the field and propose future perspectives on the use of
in vitro
and physics-based modelling to overcome these difficulties.
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