Flow velocity and flow volume measurements in the extracranial carotid and vertebral arteries in healthy adults: reference data and the effects of age

Extrajugular pathways of human cerebral venous blood drainage assessed by duplex ultrasound

“…Different research groups found a combined mean IJV flow of 740 Ϯ 209 and 700 Ϯ 270 ml/min (14,23) and a mean VV flow of 40 Ϯ 20 ml/min (23) in the supine body position. The accessible total mean venous outflow of 766 Ϯ 226 ml/min in our group of healthy volunteers corresponds well with ultrasound assessed global arterial inflow, which has been reported within the range of ϳ500-950 ml/min (18)(19)(20) and with a mean value of 727 Ϯ 102 ml/min for subjects aged 20-39 yr (17). Therefore, the IJVs have to be considered the main outflow pathways in the supine position.…”

Riles Type 1A Common Carotid Artery Occlusion Diagnosed by Specific External Carotid Artery Doppler Waveform Pattern in Carotid Ultrasonography -Case Report-

“…The ECA showed retrograde flow and the pulsatility index was lower than the reported range (2.06 ± 0.39 [mean ± standard deviation] in healthy adults between 60 to 85 years old), 14) possibly due to the high peripheral vascular resistance. These results prompted consecutive further radiological examination to confirm the collateral circulation and hemodynamic sufficiency.…”

Evaluation of vertebral artery dominance, hypoplasia and variations in the origin: angiographic study in 254 patients

“…Turan-Ozdemir et al [15] showed similar results of left VA dominance in 64% (55/85 patients) with colour Doppler ultrasound. There are also studies reporting no differences in diameter of VA or indicating right VA is wider than left [13]. An anatomic study of intracranial parts of VA in a series of 11 cadavers by Akar et al [1] showed right VA dominance with a rate of 45.4%.…”