Flowability Properties of Commercial Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS)

Bhadra, Rumela; Muthukumarappan, Kasiviswanathan; Rosentrater, Kurt A.

doi:10.1094/cchem-86-2-0170

Cited by 44 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…DDGS is often composed of approximately 86.2-93.0% dry matter, 25-35% protein, 3-13% fat, and some unfermented starches, sugars, and other materials (Weigel et al 1997;Rosentrater and Muthukumarappan 2006;Ganesan et al 2008;Shurson and Alhamdi 2008;Bhadra et al 2009b). Because of the moderateto-high nutrient values found in the DDGS and its high digestibility, feeding it to livestock animals is a proven method for DDGS utilization .…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The flowability behavior of DDGS can be influenced by any number of interrelated factors, including moisture content, fat content, particle size distribution, storage temperature, relative humidity, storage time, compaction pressure distribution, and vibrations during transport (Craik and Miller 1958;Johansson 1978;Moreyra and Peleg 1981;Teunou et al 1991;Fitzpatrick et al 2004). Various studies have been performed to determine the cause and find solutions to the flowability problem (Bhadra et al 2009a(Bhadra et al , 2009b(Bhadra et al , 2010Keierleber and Rosentrater 2010). A key factor appears to be the level of condensed distillers solubles (CDS) that is used during DDGS production.…”

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Quantification of Physical and Chemical Properties, and Identification of Potentially Valuable Components from Fuel Ethanol Process Streams

et al. 2013

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Cereal Chem. 90(1):70-79Wider exploration of ethanol coproduct uses is necessary as the ethanol industry continues to face challenges. Currently, process streams such as thin stillage and condensed distillers solubles (CDS) are processed into distillers dried grains with solubles and used as animal feeds, but other higher value opportunities may exist. The objective of this study was to identify chemical components and quantify physical properties of CDS and thin stillage. Protein, organic acid, and sugar profiles were determined. Zein protein was identified, and glycerol was determined to have a concentration of 18.8 g/L in thin stillage and 63.2 g/L in CDS. Physical properties including density, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and rheological behaviors were also examined. Thermal conductivity of thin stillage and CDS was approximately 0.54 and 0.45 W/m°C, respectively. Quantification of the physical properties and identification of the chemical constituents pave the way for exploration of new value-added uses for thin stillage and CDS.

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Quantification of Physical and Chemical Properties, and Identification of Potentially Valuable Components from Fuel Ethanol Process Streams

et al. 2013

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“…With respect to the stickiness and flowability issues in DDGS with varying condensed distillers solubles (CDS) and moisture content, some work has been done with Carr (1965) and Jenike (1964) shear test properties (Ganesan et al 2007a(Ganesan et al , 2007b(Ganesan et al , 2008a(Ganesan et al , 2008bBhadra et al 2009aBhadra et al , 2009b. To date, only Ganesan and Rosentrater (2007) reported that T g was correlated to stickiness and flowability issues of DDGS.…”

Section: Measurement and Comparison Of Glass Transition And Sticky Pomentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement and Comparison of Glass Transition and Sticky Point Temperatures of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) with Varying Condensed Distillers Solubles (CDS) and Drying Temperature Levels

2014

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Cereal Chem. 91(4): [406][407][408][409][410][411][412][413] Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is the main coproduct of the U.S. fuel ethanol industry and has significantly impacted the livestock feed markets in recent years. Particle agglomeration and subsequent flowability problems during storage and transport are often a hindrance, a nuisance, and expensive. This paper aims at characterizing the glass transition (T g ) and sticky point (T s ) temperatures of DDGS samples prepared with varying condensed distillers solubles (CDS) levels (10, 15, and 20%, wb), drying temperatures (100, 200, and 300°C), and moisture contents (0, 10, and 20%, db), and it discusses implications on DDGS flowability behavior. Distillers wet grains were combined with specified levels of CDS and dried in a convection-style laboratory oven to produce DDGS.Subsequently, predetermined amounts of water were added to the DDGS to achieve desired moisture content levels. To determine T g (°C), a differential scanning calorimeter was used, whereas T s (°C) was determined through a novel technique with a rheometer. Results indicated high correlations between observed T s and observed T g (R 2 = 0.87) data for DDGS samples. Also, the empirical model for predicted T g = f(drying temperature, CDS level, and moisture content) based on the Gordon-Taylor model showed favorable R 2 (0.74). Stickiness of DDGS increased with an increase in moisture content, indicating flow problems resulting from moisture. It was found that drying temperatures and CDS levels each had significant effects on T g and T s as well.Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is the primary coproduct from the corn-based fuel ethanol industry, which is mainly from dry-grind ethanol production plants across the Midwestern United States. It is commonly used as livestock feed for cattle, swine, and poultry. DDGS typically contains 86-93% (db) dry matter, 26-34% (db) crude protein, 3-13% (db) fat, and essential amino acids such as methionine, leucine, arginine, and threonine (Speihs et al 2002;Rosentrater and Muthukumarappan 2006). There has been enormous growth in the bioethanol industry in the last decade because of strong interest in alternative fuels, and therefore there is now substantial DDGS production. The production of DDGS is projected to have grown to nearly 40 million metric tons during 2013.Like many agricultural and food materials, DDGS is hygroscopic in nature (i.e., it can absorb moisture from the surrounding atmosphere). Thus, DDGS particles may tend to agglomerate to form solidified masses (i.e., caking) by absorbing water or because of temperature differences. Caking, or hardening, of DDGS leads to difficulties during unloading from rail cars, bins, and other storage vessels, and it can result in economic losses to break up the agglomerates and discharge the storage vessels (Rock and Schwedes 2005). Stickiness in particles (or the caking phenomenon) causes poor flowability in the material and, thus, makes it less efficient to handle during d...

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“…For each CDS-DWG combination, CDS was added to DWG at levels of 10%, 15%, and 20% (wb); levels were selected based on our prior work (Bhadra et al 2009a(Bhadra et al , 2009b) and on discussions with industry experts (unpublished). The mixture was then blended thoroughly in a laboratory mixer (AUTOMIX model D300, Hobart Corporation, Troy, OH) for 5 min.…”

Section: Sample Collection and Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, some studies include modeling sorption isotherm (type III isotherm) behavior (Ganesan et al 2008), dynamic water adsorption (Ganesan et al 2009), and material handling characteristics and flowability (Ganesan et al 2007), as well as physical and chemical characterization of commercial samples (Bhadra et al 2009a). But to date, there have been no studies of drying behavior of DDGS.…”

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Drying Kinetics of Distillers Wet Grains (DWG) Under Varying Condensed Distillers Solubles (CDS) and Temperature Levels

et al. 2011

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Cereal Chem. 88(5): [451][452][453][454][455][456][457][458] Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a widely used animal feed. But transportation of DDGS is often troublesome because of its stickiness. DDGS is formed by combining condensed distillers solubles (CDS) with distillers wet grains (DWG) and then drying. As a first step toward understanding drying behavior, this study's objective was to investigate batch-drying kinetic behavior of DWG with three CDS addition levels (10, 15, and 20% wb) and three dryingtemperature levels (100, 200, and 300°C). Multiple nonlinear mathematical models were used to fit experimental drying data for moisture content versus drying rate. A new comprehensive model was developed (R 2 = 0.89, SEM = 18.60) from a modified Chen and Douglas model to incorporate CDS and drying-temperature terms. Drying temperature affected drying rate more significantly than did changes in CDS level; thus, drying temperature was the main effect and CDS was a subeffect. Increasing the drying temperature increased the drying rate significantly for all levels of CDS addition. This model can be used for predicting DWG drying behavior under broad operating conditions; it can be used to help the industry produce better DDGS, which may thus result in better DDGS handling and transport characteristics.

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Flowability Properties of Commercial Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS)

Cited by 44 publications

References 22 publications

Quantification of Physical and Chemical Properties, and Identification of Potentially Valuable Components from Fuel Ethanol Process Streams

Quantification of Physical and Chemical Properties, and Identification of Potentially Valuable Components from Fuel Ethanol Process Streams

Measurement and Comparison of Glass Transition and Sticky Point Temperatures of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) with Varying Condensed Distillers Solubles (CDS) and Drying Temperature Levels

Drying Kinetics of Distillers Wet Grains (DWG) Under Varying Condensed Distillers Solubles (CDS) and Temperature Levels

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