Flowering phenology of a widespread perennial herb shows contrasting responses to global warming between humid and non‐humid regions

Song, Zhiguang; Fu, Yulan; Du, Yanjun; Li, Lin; Ouyang, Xing; Ye, Wanhui; Huang, Zhilong

doi:10.1111/1365-2435.13634

Cited by 26 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…For example, increased temperatures in late summer and early autumn could promote bud cell growth more quickly because of higher mean temperatures in late summer and early autumn than in early spring (24.9 versus 13.5°C). This would be consistent with results from some studies showing stronger temperature sensitivities of spring phenology at warmer locations (Menzel et al 2006, Chen and Xu 2012, Dai et al 2014, Wang et al 2015, Song et al 2020a). Another possible mechanism could be that bud development in the autumn may be more tightly and differently linked to spring phenology in subtropical species than they are in temperate areas.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…showing stronger temperature sensitivities of spring phenology at warmer locations (Menzel et al 2006, Chen and Xu 2012, Dai et al 2014, Wang et al 2015, Song et al 2020a). Another possible mechanism could be that bud development in the autumn may be more tightly and differently linked to spring phenology in subtropical species than they are in temperate areas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Surprising roles of climate in regulating flowering phenology in a subtropical ecosystem

Song

Primack

et al. 2021

Ecography

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Climate-driven changes in phenology have widespread effects on ecological interactions and species' abundances. Most predictions of changes in phenology and the consequences for ecology and conservation are based on research in temperate systems. Climate-driven changes in phenology are largely undocumented in subtropical regions, which host much of the world's biodiversity. Factors important to regulating phenology in temperate systems (e.g. winter chilling requirements) are likely weak or absent in subtropical ecosystems; plant phenology in these regions could respond to climate differently than in the temperate zone. Here we examine flowering phenology data for 105 plant species based on herbarium specimens and photographs from 1911 to 2015 in the southern subtropical Nanling region in south China. Temperatures in this region warmed 0.3°C over the 105-year study period, and most plant species flowered earlier over time, although species varied substantially in the magnitude of phenological response to warming temperatures. Spring flowering times advanced in response to warming temperatures in late summer and early autumn and in early spring, with late summer and early autumn temperatures having almost twice as strong an effect on spring flowering times as early spring temperatures (−4.7 versus −2.5 days °C −1 ). This strong effect of late summer and early autumn temperatures is very different from temperate systems and has substantial implications for anticipating future changes in phenology. The temperatures in late summer and early autumn may affect spring phenology by accelerating bud formation or initial growth. Warming January temperature delayed summer flowering and advanced winter flowering. Increases in precipitation during April to June also tended to delay summer flowering. Autumn flowering species showed inconsistent responses to warming. These results highlight important differences between climate-driven changes in phenology in temperate and subtropical areas. Understanding these differences will be important in understanding the effects of climate change on vegetation phenology and ecosystem processes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Surprising roles of climate in regulating flowering phenology in a subtropical ecosystem

Song

Primack

et al. 2021

Ecography

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“…We found that associations between temperature and phenology differed among groups but that the magnitude of these associations generally reflected the different groups' phenology shifts observed over time. This strongly suggests a link between the phenology shifts and climate change, corroborating previous studies such as the ones by CaraDonna et al 2014and Song et al (2020). We found that plants were generally more sensitive to temperature, i.e., their phenology advanced more strongly, than insect pollinators.…”

Section: Temperature Sensitivities Of Plant and Insectssupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Our study's measure of phenology, peak occurrence time, does not account for temporal variation of spatial representation of records within Germany, although some areas might be over-or underrepresented in some parts of the studied period. Moreover, our study also does not account for spatiotemporal variation in macro-and microclimate which can influence intraspecific variation in phenology shifts (Song et al, 2020) and could therefore potentially induce local mismatches.…”

Section: Caveatsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate warming changes synchrony of plants and pollinators

Freimuth

Bossdorf

Willems

2021

Preprint

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Climate warming changes the phenology of many species. When interacting organisms respond differently, climate change may disrupt their interactions and affect the stability of ecosystems. Here, we used GBIF occurrence records to examine phenology trends in plants and their associated insect pollinators in Germany since the 1960s. We found strong phenological advances in plants, but differences in the extent of shifts among pollinator groups. The temporal trends in plant and insect phenologies were generally associated with interannual temperature variation, and thus likely driven by climate change. The phenological advancement of plants did not depend on their level of pollinator dependence. When examining the temporal co-occurrence of plant-pollinator pairs from 1980 onwards, the temporal trends in their synchrony again depended on the pollinator group: while the synchrony of plant-butterfly interactions remained unchanged, interactions with bees and hoverflies tended to become more synchronized, mainly because the phenology of plants responded more strongly to climate change and plants caught up with these pollinators. If the observed trends continue, these interactions are expected to become more asynchronous again in the future. Our study demonstrates that climate change affects the phenologies of interacting groups of organisms, and that it also influences their synchrony.

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“…In six out of nine cases where the snow melt treatment shifted phenology, either alone or in conjunction with the warming treatment, the effect of the snow melt treatment persisted after GDD was included in the model (Figure 4), supporting the hypothesis that snow melt affects phenology independent of temperature accumulation. It has been previously suggested that the influx of soil moisture after snow melt helps drive the onset of flowering (Dorji et al, 2013;Song et al, 2020;Walker et al, 1995), and this may be the mechanism behind our observed effect of snow melt on phenology. There is also observational evidence that rainfall and soil moisture affect flowering phenology in other, arid ecosystems (Crimmins et al, 2010;Gordo & Sanz, 2010;Peñuelas et al, 2004;Pérez-Ramos et al, 2020;Song et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Snow melt timing acts independently and in conjunction with temperature accumulation to drive subalpine plant phenology

Jerome

Petry

Mooney

et al. 2021

Global Change Biology

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Organisms use environmental cues to align their phenology-the timing of life events-with sets of abiotic and biotic conditions that favor the successful completion of their life cycle. Climate change has altered the environmental cues organisms use to track climate, leading to shifts in phenology with the potential to affect a variety of ecological processes. Understanding the drivers of phenological shifts is critical to predicting future responses, but disentangling the effects of temperature from precipitation on phenology is often challenging because they tend to covary. We addressed this knowledge gap in a high-elevation environment where phenological shifts are associated with both the timing of spring snow melt and temperature. We factorially crossed early snow melt and passive warming treatments to (1) disentangle the effects of snow melt timing and warming on the phenology of flowering and fruiting and reproductive success in three subalpine plant species (Delphinium nuttallianum, Valeriana edulis, and Potentilla pulcherrima); and (2) assess whether snow melt acts via temperature accumulation or some other aspect of the environment (e.g., soil moisture) to affect phenological events. Both the timing and duration of flowering and fruiting responded to the climate treatments, but the effect of snow melt timing and warming varied among species and phenological stages. The combined effects of the treatments on phenology were always additive, and the snow melt treatment often affected phenology even when the warming treatment did not. Despite marked responses of phenology to climate manipulations, the species showed little change in reproductive success, with only one species producing fewer seeds in response to warming (Delphinium, −56%). We also found that snow melt timing can act both through temperature accumulation and as a distinct cue for phenology, and these effects are not mutually exclusive. Our results show that one environmental cue, here snow melt timing, may act through multiple mechanisms to shift phenology. K E Y W O R D S climate change, flower duration, flower timing, fruit duration, fruit timing, growing degree days, passive warming, subalpine plant community | 5055 EROME Et al.

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Flowering phenology of a widespread perennial herb shows contrasting responses to global warming between humid and non‐humid regions

Cited by 26 publications

References 71 publications

Surprising roles of climate in regulating flowering phenology in a subtropical ecosystem

Surprising roles of climate in regulating flowering phenology in a subtropical ecosystem

Climate warming changes synchrony of plants and pollinators

Snow melt timing acts independently and in conjunction with temperature accumulation to drive subalpine plant phenology

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