Fluctuating asymmetry in Perch,Perca fluviatilis(Percidae) from three lakes of the Region Umbria (Italy) as a tool to demonstrate the impact of man‐made lakes on developmental stability

Fluctuating asymmetry and exogenous stress in fishes: a review

“…Lajus (2001) suggests that one explanation for character discordance is due to differences in feedback control of symmetry deviations between meristic and morphometric characters. He suggests that symmetry deviation in morphometric characters Hicks (1981) Perca fluviatilis N, A, F Lucentini et al (1998), Ostbye et al (1997), Oxnevad et al (1995Oxnevad et al ( , 2002, Ryabov and Kryshev (1991), Shaikin (1992) Percidae …”

“…Habitat changes Kozhara (1994), Lucentini et al (1998) Urban , Chebotareva and Izyumov (2001), Kitevski and Pyron (2003) Maternal cortisol Eriksen et al (2008) Metals Bengtsson et al (1985, Vollestad et al (1998), Marques et al (2005) Temperature Ames et al (1979), Beacham (1990), Ryabov and Kryshev (1991), Leary et al (1992), Campbell et al (1998), Campbell (2000, Robinson and Waldrop (2002), Turner et al (2007), Eriksen et al (2008) Radiation Ryabov and Kryshev (1991) Acidification Ames et al (1979), Jagoe and Haines (1985), Wiener and Rago (1987), Oxnevad et al (1995), Ostbye et al (1997), Mazzi and Bakker (2001), Vollestad and Hindar (2001) Pesticides , Hicks (1981), Talikina et al (2001), Green and Lochmann (2006) Fitness Quattro and Vrijenhoek (1989), Downhower et al (1990), Berg et al (1997), Sheffer et al (1997), Vollestad and Hindar (1997), Allenbach et al (1999), Hechter et al (2000), Sasal and Pampoulie (2000), Goncalves et al (2002), Oxnevad et al (2002), Bakker et al (2006), Eric et al (2007), Urbach et al (2007), …”

“…Deviation from perfect bilateral symmetry can be seen as three distinct types: fluctuating asymmetry (FA), directional asymmetry (DA), and antisymmetry (AA). FA is the random deviation of a character from perfect bilateral symmetry, statistically represented by a right side minus left side (R-L) mean of zero and Berg et al (1997), Fazio et al (2005), Franco et al (2002), Goncalves et al (2002), Lucentini et al (1998) Lochmann (2005, 2006)*, Jagoe and Haines (1985), Loot et al (2001), Lucentini et al (1998), Sunderland (2001) Otolith length 10 3 30.0 Alados et al (1993), Ames et al (1979)*, Fazio et al (2005, Fey and Hare (2008), Franco et al (2002), Lochmann (2005*, 2006), Gronkjaer and Sand (2003)*, Jagoe and Haines (1985), Jarvi et al (1996) Otolith diameter 10 2 20.0 Alados et al (1993), Ames et al (1979)*, Escos et al (1995, Fazio et al (2005), Fey and Hare (2008), Franco et al (2002)*, Lochmann (2005, 2006), Jagoe and Haines (1985), Panfili et al (2005) (2001) Characters were significant in the references marked with an asterisk (*)…”

Fluctuating Asymmetry in Two Common Freshwater Fishes as a Biological Indicator of Urbanization and Environmental Stress within the Middle Chattahoochee Watershed

“…Using this total area, we calculated percent total area represented by each code. Because values of 15% imperviousness and greater have been shown to cause water quality impairment [47], we summed the total area percentages for all codes (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20) representing imperviousness above 15%. Similarly, we used an impervious surface raster (file name: Ga. Land Use Trends Impervious Surface Cover 2008 from www.georgiaspatial.org) to quantify percent impervious surface and used the North American Equal Area Conic projection for accuracy.…”

“…Both natural and anthropogenic stressors can influence an organism's development by disrupting normal cellular and physiological processes responsible for developmental homeostasis and thus resulting in increased FA [3,4]. Additionally, the degree and type of FA can often reveal the presence of environmental stressors [4,5].…”