Fluid flow in fault zones from an active rift

Seebeck, Hannu; Nicol, Andrew; Walsh, John J.; Childs, Conrad; Beetham, R. D.; Pettinga, J.

doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2014.01.008

Cited by 42 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Lambiase and Bosworth, 1995; Sharp et al, 2000; Hus et al, 2006), and the 35 evolving fluid flow properties of fault zones (e.g. Manzocchi et al, 2010;Seebeck et al, 2014). 36…”

Section: Introduction 28mentioning

confidence: 99%

Normal fault growth in layered basaltic rocks: The role of strain rate in fault evolution

Bubeck

Walker

Imber

et al. 2018

Journal of Structural Geology

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9Conceptual models for the evolution of dilatant faults in volcanic rift settings involve a step-wise 10 growth pattern, involving upward propagation of subsurface faults, surface monocline formation, 11 which are breached by subvertical, open faults. Immature, discontinuous normal faults are 12 considered representative of the early stages of mature, linked faults that accommodate extensional 13 strains. We consider the evolution of surface-breaking normal faults using a comparison of the 14 distribution and geometry of normal faults from two volcanic rift zones: the Koaʻe fault system, 15Hawaiʻi, and the Krafla fissure swarm, NE Iceland. Field mapping highlights similarities to current 16 predicted geometries, but also prominent differences that are not reconciled by current models. 17Variable deformation styles record magma supply changes within the rift zones, which drive local 18 strain rate gradients. Building on existing studies, we present a conceptual model of fault growth 19 that accounts for spatial and temporal changes in strain rate within the deforming regions. We 20propose that faults in separate rift systems may not advance through the same stages of evolution 21and that faults within individual rift systems can show differing growth patterns. Variations in 22 2 surface strains may be indicative of subsurface magmatic system changes, with important 23 implications for our understanding of volcano-tectonic coupling. 24 25Key words: normal fault; monocline; extension; basalt; volcanic rift 26 27 Introduction 28Normal fault systems comprise discontinuous, non-collinear segments, with overlaps and segment 29 linkage commonly resulting in characteristic overlapping or step-like geometries across a broad 30 range of scales (e.g. Segall and Pollard, 1980;Peacock, 2002; Long and Imber, 2011). Regional 31 extension is conserved ahead of first-order fault terminations by areas of folding and linking faults 32 and fractures (e.g. Morley et al., 1990;Faulds and Varga, 1998). The geometry and distribution of 33 structures within these domains play an important role in the tectono-stratigraphic development of 34 rift basins (e.g. Lambiase and Bosworth, 1995; Sharp et al., 2000; Hus et al., 2006), and the 35 evolving fluid flow properties of fault zones (e.g. Manzocchi et al., 2010;Seebeck et al., 2014). 36Much of our current understanding of the growth of normal fault populations and fault zone 37 architecture is derived from studies of faults in clastic sequences using combinations of: (1) fault 38 analysis and scaling relationships, based on field and seismic data-derived measurements of 39 displacement and length versus width (e.g. Ferrill and Morris, 2001;Peacock, 2002; Walsh et al., 40 2003;Nixon et al., 2014); (2) scaled-analogue modelling (e.g. Holland et al., 2006; Tentler and 41 Acocella, 2010); and (3) numerical-based modelling techniques (e.g. Crider and Pollard, 1998; 42 Maerten et al., 2002;Schöpfer et al., 2006). Many of these studies have focussed on fault 43 propagation and se...

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“…Lambiase and Bosworth, 1995; Sharp et al, 2000; Hus et al, 2006), and the 35 evolving fluid flow properties of fault zones (e.g. Manzocchi et al, 2010;Seebeck et al, 2014). 36…”

Section: Introduction 28mentioning

confidence: 99%

Normal fault growth in layered basaltic rocks: The role of strain rate in fault evolution

Bubeck

Walker

Imber

et al. 2018

Journal of Structural Geology

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“…Nevertheless, the hydraulic properties of such faults and fractures still remain difficult to predict due to their heterogeneous internal architecture. Bulk flow rates through or along fault zones are dependent on a number of factors including permeability variations, structural anisotropy, pressure differentials, and fluid viscosity (Caine et al, 1996;Evans et al, 1997;Cox, 1999;Wibberley et al, 2008;Faulkner et al, 2010;Seebeck et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, measuring flow properties of fault zones is still subject to caution owing to the rare in situ flow data available which can be related directly to the structure of fault zones and surrounding rock volume (Evans et al, 1997;Wibberley et al, 2008;Faulkner et al, 2010;Seebeck et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The internal architecture and permeability structures of faults in shale formations

Dick¹,

Wittebroodt²,

Courbet³

et al. 2016

Filling the Gaps - From Microscopic Pore Structures to Transport Properties In Shales

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The evaluation of fluid flow through fractures and faults is of primary importance for the long-term performance assessment of radioactive waste repositories in shale formations and could be used to assess CO 2 storage security or the integrity of caprocks and reservoir capacity. This study focuses on the structural evolution within brittle to ductile shear zone in order to understand permeability enhancement and sealing processes affecting a strike-slip fault system within the Toarcian shale formation from the Tournemire Underground Research Laboratory (URL), southern France. A combination of quantitative field measurements and laboratory and in situ experiments was used to estimate the fluid-flow properties of a fractured shale formation. Results indicate that microfractures govern the matrix porosity in the damage zone and play an increasingly dominant role in fluid flow along the boundary between fault core and fault damage zone.

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“…Fault zones are characterized by an internal structural complexity (Bense et al, 2013;Caine et al, 1996) which control their capacity to drain or to act as barrier to groundwater flow. High permeable fault zones have been described at relatively great depth (>200 m) in the Armorican Massif Le Borgne et al, 2006;Leray et al, 2013;Roques, 2013;Roques et al, 2014) and in other crystalline basements (Holland and Witthüser, 2011;Mabee, 1999;Masset and Loew, 2010;Neves and Morales, 2006;Seebeck et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Groundwater sources and geochemical processes in a crystalline fault aquifer

Roques

Aquilina

Bour

et al. 2014

Journal of Hydrology

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International audienceThe origin of water flowing in faults and fractures at great depth is poorly known in crystalline media.This paper describes a field study designed to characterize the geochemical compartmentalization of adeep aquifer system constituted by a graben structure where a permeable fault zone was identified. Analysesof the major chemical elements, trace elements, dissolved gases and stable water isotopes reveal theorigin of dissolved components for each permeable domain and provide information on various watersources involved during different seasonal regimes. The geochemical response induced by performinga pumping test in the fault-zone is examined, in order to quantify mixing processes and contributionof different permeable domains to the flow. Reactive processes enhanced by the pumped fluxes are alsoidentified and discussed.The fault zone presents different geochemical responses related to changes in hydraulic regime. Theyare interpreted as different water sources related to various permeable structures within the aquifer.During the low water regime, results suggest mixing of recent water with a clear contribution of olderwater of inter-glacial origin (recharge temperature around 7 C), suggesting the involvement of watertrapped in a local low-permeability matrix domain or the contribution of large scale circulation loops.During the high water level period, due to inversion of the hydraulic gradient between the major permeablefault zone and its surrounding domains, modern water predominantly flows down to the deep bedrockand ensures recharge at a local scale within the graben.Pumping in a permeable fault zone induces hydraulic connections with storage-reservoirs. The overlaidregolith domain ensures part of the flow rate for long term pumping (around 20% in the present case).During late-time pumping, orthogonal fluxes coming from the fractured domains surrounding the majorfault zone are dominant. Storage in the connected fracture network within the graben structure mainlyensures the main part of the flow rate (80% in the present case). Reactive processes are induced by mixingof water from different sources and transfer conditions. A specific approach is applied to quantify thereaction rate involved along the pumping time. Autotrophic denitrification coupled with iron mineralsoxidation is highlighted and water rock interaction is clearly enhanced by the flux changes induced bypumping

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Fluid flow in fault zones from an active rift

Cited by 42 publications

References 42 publications

Normal fault growth in layered basaltic rocks: The role of strain rate in fault evolution

Normal fault growth in layered basaltic rocks: The role of strain rate in fault evolution

The internal architecture and permeability structures of faults in shale formations

Groundwater sources and geochemical processes in a crystalline fault aquifer

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