Fluid Geochemistry of El Chichón Volcano-Hydrothermal System

Peiffer, Loïc; Rouwet, Dmitri; Taran, Yuri

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-25890-9_4

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…This trend means that the most Cl‐enriched thermal waters of El Chichón originate from the same aquifer as the SP water and are diluted with cold waters enriched in Ca and SO 4 . Such waters are commonly found around the volcano and are formed as the result of dissolution of anhydrite in ground water from the 1982 eruption and older pyroclastic deposits [ Taran et al ., ; Peiffer et al ., ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The SP boiling and neutral Na‐Ca‐Cl‐SO 4 springs are fed from an aquifer beneath the crater. The coexistence of mineralized springs and steam vents indicates that the aquifer contains two‐phase fluid [ Taran et al ., ; Peiffer et al ., ]. The fluid in this aquifer is stationary and heated from the deep geothermal vapor, containing magmatic gases without chlorine probably associated with the existence of a deeper aquifer where the most acidic components (HCl, SO 2 ) are “scrubbed”—i.e., dissolved in water.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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CO₂ flux and chemistry of El Chichón crater lake (México) in the period 2013–2015: Evidence for the enhanced volcano activity

Paz

Taran

Inguaggiato

et al. 2016

Geophysical Research Letters

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The CO2 flux from El Chichón crater in the period from 2014 to 2015 increased by a factor of 3 (from ~260 t d−1 to ~800 t d−1) compared to the 2007–2008 data. The mechanism triggering the CO2 flux from the lake surface has changed from being dominantly diffusive to mainly advective (bubbling). The Cl concentration was steadily decreasing during the last two decades in the Na‐Cl boiling springs feeding the lake. Since 2013, for both lake and SP springs, the Cl concentration has increased up to the 2005 Cl concentration levels. A large degassing spot in the middle of the lake was found in April 2015 with a CO2 flux of more than 10,000 g m−2 d−1. These observations are the evidence of the onset of a new stage of activity within the volcano‐hydrothermal system of El Chichón volcano associated most probably with changes in the magmatic activity at depth.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

CO₂ flux and chemistry of El Chichón crater lake (México) in the period 2013–2015: Evidence for the enhanced volcano activity

Paz

Taran

Inguaggiato

et al. 2016

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…A series of horseshoe-shaped escarpments are recognized around and between the two volcanoes, suggesting that sector collapses and edifice-failure have occurred recurrently in the past. Several NNW-trending faults structurally condition the northern side of Irazú and Turrialba volcanoes (Fernández et al 1998;Pavanelli 2006). A number of secondary cones present along the southern and southwestern flanks of Irazú and Turrialba, are aligned E-W (Alvarado et al 2006).…”

Section: Geotectonic Setting and Eruptive Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Response of a Hydrothermal System to Escalating Phreatic Unrest the Case of Turrialba and Irazú in Costa Rica (2007-2012)

Rouwet¹,

Mora‐Amador

Ramı́rez³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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This study presents the first hydrogeochemical model of the hydrothermal systems of Turrialba and Irazú volcanoes in central Costa Rica, manifested as thermal springs, summit crater lakes, and fumarolic degassing at both volcanoes. Our period of observations (2007-2012) coincides with the pre- and early syn-phreatic eruption stages of Turrialba volcano that resumed volcanic unrest since 2004, after almost 140 years of quiescence. Peculiarly, the generally stable Irazú crater lake dropped its level during this reawakening of Turrialba. The isotopic composition of discharged fluids reveals the Caribbean meteoric origin; a contribution of “andesitic water” for Turrialba fumaroles up to ~50% is suggested. Four groups of thermal springs drain the northern flanks of Turrialba and Irazú volcanoes into two main rivers. Río Sucio (i.e. “dirty river”) is a major rock remover on the North flank of Irazú, mainly fed by the San Cayetano spring group. Instead, one group of thermal springs discharges towards the south of Irazú. All thermal spring waters are of SO4-type (i.e. steam heated waters), although none of the springs has a common hydrothermal end-member. A water mass budget for thermal springs results in an estimated total output flux of 187 ± 37 L/s, with 100 ± 20 L/s accounted for by the San Cayetano springs. Thermal energy release is estimated at 110 ± 22 MW (83.9 ± 16.8 MW by San Cayetano), whereas the total rock mass removal rate by chemical leaching is ~3,000 m3/y (~2,400 m3/y by San Cayetano-Río Sucio). Despite Irazú being the currently less active volcano, it is a highly efficient rock remover, which, on the long term can have effects on the stability of the volcanic edifice with potentially hazardous consequences (e.g. flank collapse, phreatic eruptions). Moreover, the vapor output flux from the Turrialba fumaroles after the onset of phreatic eruptions on 5 January 2010 showed an increase of at least ~260 L/s above pre-eruptive background fumarolic vapor fluxes. This extra vapor loss implies that the drying of the summit hydrothermal system of Turrialba could tap deeper than previously thought, and could explain the coincidental disappearance of Irazú’s crater lake in April 2010.

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“…Hasselle, N., Rouwet, D., Aiuppa, A., Jácome-Paz, M. P., Pfeffer, M., Taran, Y., et al (2018) (T = 52-58°C) and highly acidic (pH = 0.56) lake appeared on the crater floor (Casadevall et al, 1984) that has changed (in 2016, T~30°C and pH~2.75) but persisted since. The lake and hydrothermal manifestations in the crater have been extensively studied (Armienta et al, 2000;Jácome Paz et al, 2016;Mazot et al, 2011;Mazot & Taran, 2009;Peiffer et al, 2015;Rouwet et al, 2004Rouwet et al, , 2008Rouwet et al, , 2009Taran et al, 1998;Taran & Peiffer, 2009;. Víti crater lake (65°02 0 N, 16°43 0 W), situated in east-central Iceland, was formed by a phreatic explosion inside the Askja volcano caldera, following its 1875 plinian eruption (Carey et al, 2009;Sigvaldason, 1979).…”

Section: Citationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfur Degassing From Steam‐Heated Crater Lakes: El Chichón (Chiapas, Mexico) and Víti (Iceland)

Hasselle

Rouwet

Aiuppa

et al. 2018

Geophysical Research Letters

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The composition of the gases released by El Chichón (Chiapas, Mexico) and Víti (Askja volcano, Iceland) volcanic lakes is examined by Multi‐GAS for the first time. Our results demonstrate that H2S and SO2 are degassed by these pH 2–3 lakes. We find higher CO2/H2S and H2/H2S ratios in the lakes' emissions (31–5,685 and 0.6–35, respectively) than in the fumarolic gases feeding the lakes (13–33 and 0.08–0.5, respectively), evidencing that only a fraction (0.2–5.4% at El Chichón) of the H2S(g) contributed by the subaquatic fumaroles ultimately reaches the atmosphere. At El Chichón, we estimate a H2S output from the crater lake of 0.02–0.06 t/day. Curiously, SO2 is also detected at trace levels in the gases released from both lakes (0.003–0.3 ppmv). We propose that H2S supplied into the lakes initiates a series of complex oxidation reactions, having sulfite as an intermediate product, and ultimately leading to SO2 production and degassing.

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Fluid Geochemistry of El Chichón Volcano-Hydrothermal System

Cited by 14 publications

References 49 publications

CO₂ flux and chemistry of El Chichón crater lake (México) in the period 2013–2015: Evidence for the enhanced volcano activity

CO₂ flux and chemistry of El Chichón crater lake (México) in the period 2013–2015: Evidence for the enhanced volcano activity

Response of a Hydrothermal System to Escalating Phreatic Unrest the Case of Turrialba and Irazú in Costa Rica (2007-2012)

Sulfur Degassing From Steam‐Heated Crater Lakes: El Chichón (Chiapas, Mexico) and Víti (Iceland)

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Fluid Geochemistry of El Chichón Volcano-Hydrothermal System

Cited by 14 publications

References 49 publications

CO2 flux and chemistry of El Chichón crater lake (México) in the period 2013–2015: Evidence for the enhanced volcano activity

CO2 flux and chemistry of El Chichón crater lake (México) in the period 2013–2015: Evidence for the enhanced volcano activity

Response of a Hydrothermal System to Escalating Phreatic Unrest the Case of Turrialba and Irazú in Costa Rica (2007-2012)

Sulfur Degassing From Steam‐Heated Crater Lakes: El Chichón (Chiapas, Mexico) and Víti (Iceland)

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CO₂ flux and chemistry of El Chichón crater lake (México) in the period 2013–2015: Evidence for the enhanced volcano activity

CO₂ flux and chemistry of El Chichón crater lake (México) in the period 2013–2015: Evidence for the enhanced volcano activity