Fluid intake in urban China: results of the 2016 Liq.In 7 national cross-sectional surveys

Abstract

PurposeTo describe total fluid intake (TFI) and types of fluid consumed in urban China by age, gender, regions and city socioeconomic status relative to the adequate intakes (AI) set by the Chinese Nutrition Society.MethodsIn 2016, participants aged 4–9, 10–17 and 18–55 years were recruited via a door-to-door approach in 27 cities in China. In total, 2233 participants were included. The volumes and sources of TFI were collected using the Liq.In7 record, assisted by a photographic booklet of standard fluid containers.ResultsThe mean daily TFI among children, adolescents and adults were 966, 1177 and 1387 mL, respectively. In each age group, TFI was significantly higher in male vs female (981 vs 949, 1240 vs 1113, 1442 vs 1332; mL). Approximately 45, 36 and 28% of children, adolescents and adults reached the AI. Although plain water was the highest contributor to TFI, the contribution of sugar sweetened beverages (SSB) was ranked in the top three together with water and milk and derivatives. Approximately 27, 48 and 47% of children, adolescents and adults consumed more than one serving of SSB per day, respectively.ConclusionsA relatively large proportion of participants did not drink enough to meet the AI in urban China. Many children, adolescents and adults consumed more than one serving of SSB per day. A majority of children, adolescents and adults in the study population do not meet both quantitative and qualitative fluid intake requirements, and signal socioeconomic disparities.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s00394-018-1755-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Fluid intake of children, adolescents and adults in Indonesia: results of the 2016 Liq.In7 national cross-sectional survey

“…The method of recruitment, the instruments for data collection and data treatment were harmonized with the Liq.In 7 surveys published elsewhere [24–26]. The data collection was performed in May 2016; this month was chosen for operational reasons.…”

A comparison of drinking behavior using a harmonized methodology (Liq.In 7 ) in six countries

“…The recruitment of participants and further details of the populations included in this analysis have been described previously [30–33]. …”

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Describing water intake in six countries: results of Liq.In7 surveys, 2015–2018

“…household type, peers)Organizations, champions for drinking waterWater Affordability1EconomicWater price, affordabilityIncome, poverty, income disparity[27][28]Market forcesWater financingWater accessibility2EnvironmentRainfall, droughtWater availability at school/work[29][29][29][29][29][29]Water availability at home, housing quality[29][29][29][29][…”