Fluid origin and evolution of the Pusangguo Cu–Pb–Zn skarn deposit in Tibet: Constraints from fluid inclusions and isotope compositions

Li, Zhuang; Zhang, Peng; Zhu, Junrong; Xu, Jiaoqi; Niu, Xiuxiu

doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2022.105197

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…The Pusangguo deposit contains a large number of iron-bearing minerals, such as chalcopyrite and pyrite (Figure 5), indicating that Fe is the primary component of the ore-forming fluid. Previous studies have shown that the temperature obtained from the garnet fluid inclusions in the prograde stage varies from 413 to 532 • C [14], implying high-temperature conditions. The temperatures (267-340 °C, average 298 • C) obtained according to empiric thermometry (Fe/Zn sphalerite = 0.0013 × t − 0.2953, [94]) are similar to those obtained from the quartz fluid inclusions (256-378 • C) [14], suggesting that the sphalerite formed at high temperatures.…”

Section: Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have shown that the temperature obtained from the garnet fluid inclusions in the prograde stage varies from 413 to 532 • C [14], implying high-temperature conditions. The temperatures (267-340 °C, average 298 • C) obtained according to empiric thermometry (Fe/Zn sphalerite = 0.0013 × t − 0.2953, [94]) are similar to those obtained from the quartz fluid inclusions (256-378 • C) [14], suggesting that the sphalerite formed at high temperatures. Furthermore, Frenzel et al [28] proposed that the Fe, Mn, Ga, In, and Ge in sphalerite are mainly associated with the mineralization temperature, and suggested the sphalerite geothermometer (GGIMFis).…”

Section: Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Tibetan Plateau, from north to south, can be divided into the Qiangtang terrane, Lhasa terrane, and Himalayas, which are separated by the Jinsha (JSSZ), Longmu Tso-Shuanghu (LSSZ), Bangong-Nujiang (BNSZ), and Yarlung Zangbo (YZSZ) suture zones, respectively (Figure 1b) [34]. The Lhasa terrane can be further subdivided by the Shiquan River-Nam Tso Mélange Zone (SNMZ) and the Luobadui-Milashan Fault (LMF) into the [14]; (c) geological map of GMB, modified from [14].…”

Section: Regional Geologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Pusangguo deposit is the first cobalt-rich Cu-Pb-Zn skarn deposit discovered in the GMB, and has metal resources of 1.42 Mt Cu at 1.42%, 0.08 Mt Pb at 1.01%, 0.14 Mt Zn at 1.82%, and 285.8 t Co at 140 g/t Co [4]. Previous studies have mainly focused on the geological characteristics [5,6], diagenetic and metallogenic geochronology [7][8][9], isotopic geochemistry [10], mineralogy and cobalt occurrence [11,12], and ore-forming fluids [13,14]. However, the trace and minor element geochemistry of sphalerite and pyrite in the Pusangguo has not been studied, which may give better insights into the physicochemical conditions of ore mineralization, and improve our understanding of ore formation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the trace and minor element geochemistry of sphalerite and pyrite in the Pusangguo has not been studied, which may give better insights into the physicochemical conditions of ore mineralization, and improve our understanding of ore formation. (b) simplified regional geological map of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogeny, showing the location of GMB, modified from [14]; (c) geological map of GMB, modified from [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sphalerite and Pyrite Geochemistry from the Pusangguo Co-Rich Cu–Zn–Pb Skarn Deposit, Tibet: Implications for Element Occurrence and Mineralization

Li,

Tan,

Zhao

et al. 2023

Minerals

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The Pusangguo deposit (1.42 Mt @ 1.42% Cu, 0.14 Mt @ 1.82% Zn, 0.08 Mt @ 1.01% Pb, and 285.8 t Co @ 140 g/t Co) is the first Co-rich Cu-Zn-Pb skarn deposit discovered in the Gangdese metallogenic belt. However, the trace and minor element geochemistry of the sulfides in this deposit has not been studied, limiting further understanding of elements’ occurrence and mineralization. Here, we identified four ore stages, and two types of sphalerites (SpI and SpII) and pyrites (PyI and PyII), in this deposit. In this study, LA-ICP-MS in-situ trace element analyses were conducted on sphalerite and pyrite, to obtain their chemical compositions, elemental substitution mechanisms, and mineralization physicochemical conditions. The results indicate that two types of sphalerites are generally more enriched with Co than pyrite. SpI has higher concentrations of Co, Cr, Cu, Ag, and As compared to SpII. Both types of sphalerite have very low contents of Sn, Ge, and Ga. PyII has higher contents of most trace elements, such as Co, Ni, Mn, Zn, Cu, As, Sn, Se, Pb, Ag, and Bi, compared to PyI. Both types of pyrite are poor in Mn, Ga, Ge, and Cd, but enriched in As, Co, and Ni. The Mn, Fe, Co, and Cd in sphalerite, and Co, Ni, and Mn in pyrite are generally lattice-bound, while Cu, As, Ag, and Sb are usually present in both micro-inclusions and coupled substitution. Significant elemental correlations in sphalerite indicate the possible substitution mechanisms 2Fe2+ + Ga2+ ↔ 3Zn2+, 2Fe2+ + Ge4+ ↔ 4Zn2+, and (Sb3+, Sn3+) + (Cu+, Ag+) ↔ 2Zn2+. The correlation trends between trace elements in pyrite suggest the coupled substitution mechanisms of (Tl+ + Cu+ + Ag+) + (As3+ + Sb3+) ↔ 2Zn2+ and As3+ + Cu+ ↔ 2Zn2+. The mineralization temperature at Pusangguo, as determined by the GGIMFis sphalerite geothermometer, is 237–345 °C (avg. 307 °C), consistent with the high Zn/Cd ratio (avg. 203), low Ga/In (avg. 0.06), and high In/Ge (avg. 15.9) in sphalerite, and high Co/Ni ratio (avg. 24) in pyrite. These results indicate that the ore-forming fluid was high-temperature, with a low sulfur fugacity (fS2) (10−13.4 to 10−8.3) and low oxygen fugacity (fO2). The high temperature, and low sulfur fugacity and oxygen fugacity of the ore-forming fluid, and the fluid-mixing process, jointly controlled the sulfide precipitation, which caused the formation of the Pusangguo deposit.

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Section: Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%