Fluorescence standards: Classification, terminology, and recommendations on their selection, use, and production (IUPAC Technical Report)

Abstract

Chromophore-based fluorescence standards for the characterization of photoluminescence measuring systems and the determination of relevant fluorometric quantities are classified according to their scope and area of application. General and type-specific requirements for suitable standards are derived for each class of standards. Metrological requirements linked to the realization of comparable measurements are addressed and recommendations on selecting, using, and developing fluorescence standards are given.

Calibration, standardization, and quantitative analysis of multidimensional fluorescence (MDF) measurements on complex mixtures (IUPAC Technical Report)

“…The excitation and the emission sides of the instrument must be spectrally calibrated according to standard methods [12,[16][17][18][20][21][22][23]. .…”

“…The first three issues are instrumentation-related. Many aspects of these have been detailed in various IUPAC technical reports [12][13][14]. The fourth and fifth factors relating to the samples are critical here, because many of the samples being tested by EEM/SFS/ARMES are biogenic in origin.…”

“…To date, no such multi-fluorophore standards exist, and consequently both excitation and emission should be calibrated independently using conventional procedures. The reader is directed elsewhere for more detailed discussion of the aspects of standard spectral correction [12,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23].…”

Guidelines for measurement of luminescence spectra and quantum yields of inorganic and organometallic compounds in solution and solid state (IUPAC Technical Report)

“…The effects of re-absorption, referred to as "inner filter effect" are a distortion of the observed spectrum, particularly at the short wavelength edge, a reduction in the observed fluorescence quantum yield, and possibly, a change in the emission lifetime [12,13]. The textbooks recommend keeping the sample concentration very low, advising that the absorbance at the excitation wavelength should be <0.05 [4]. This also ensures validity of the Beer-Lambert law and minimizes inner filter effects.…”

“…Accordingly, projects concerning photoluminescence measurements have been carried out with the support of the IUPAC Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, and Analytical Chemistry Divisions [3][4][5]. Although they are valuable and important projects, the relevant reports are not entirely appropriate for inorganic chemists who encounter specific problems linked to the materials under investigation.…”