Fluorescent Noble Metal Nanoclusters Loaded Protein Hydrogel Exhibiting Anti‐Biofouling and Self‐Healing Properties for Electrochemiluminescence Biosensing Applications

Abstract

analytical method over the past few decades, and holds great promise in various analytical application fields, especially in the analysis of biological samples. [1-3] By far, remarkable efforts have been made to develop various types of ECL based biosensing systems, [4,5] and the recent introduction of new ECL materials or mechanisms, such as metal-organic frameworks, aggregation-induced emission luminogens or single atom catalysts, further improved the performance and application ranges of ECL based biosensing systems. [6-11] However, as a method extremely sensitive to the state of the electrode surface, nonspecific adsorption of biological macromolecules, in particular proteins, and physical scratches of the electrode surfaces, during the sensing of complex biological samples, severely affects the accuracy and practical applicability of the ECL biosensing systems. [12] In order to meet the requirements of anti-interference and long-term application in practical biosensing applications, it is highly demanded to develop ECL biosensing systems with anti-biofouling and self-healing properties. Although some efforts have been made to enhance the anti-biofouling property of ECL biosensing systems, for example, the introduction of hydrophilic polymers or biopolymers to construct protein-resistant anti-fouling electrode surfaces, these methods still encounter the disadvantages such as poor conductivity and complicated synthesis procedures. [13-15] Furthermore, few studies worked on the development of ECL biosensing system exhibiting self-healing properties, or, even more, ECL sensing systems exhibiting anti-biofouling and selfhealing properties simultaneously. [16] Therefore, the construction of ECL biosensing systems exhibiting both antifouling and self-healing properties is highly desired and of great importance for practical biological applications. Hydrogels composed of 3D crosslinked hydrophilic polymer networks have gained much attention recently as building materials in the construction of electrochemical and ECL biosensing systems. [17] The highly porous structure of hydrogels allows the efficient immobilization of ECL probes, and also Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) showed great potential in various analytical applications, especially in the sensing of biotargets, taking advantage of its high sensitivity, selectivity, ease of spatial and temporal control, and simplified optical setup. However, during the sensing of complex biological samples, ECL sensors often suffered severe interferences from unavoidable nonspecific-binding of biomacromolecules and physical damages of ECL sensing interfaces. Herein, a hydrogel based ECL biosensing system exhibiting excellent anti-biofouling and self-healing properties is developed. A protein hydrogel composed of bovine serum albumin (BSA) directed fluorescent Au/Ag alloy nanoclusters (Au/Ag NCs) is applied in building ECL sensing systems. The hydrogel matrix facilitates the immobilization of fluorescent Au/Ag NCs as excellent ECL probes, and the porous hydrophilic structure a...

Gel-Based Luminescent Conductive Materials and Their Applications in Biosensors and Bioelectronics

“…In addition to detecting GSH, the sensing system also has anti-biofouling and self-healing properties. These characteristics make it suitable for long-term biosensing applications [97]. Wang et al reported a hydrogel biosensor that can be used to detect calmodulin (CaM).…”

Dumbbell Plate‐Shaped AIEgen‐Based Luminescent MOF with High Quantum Yield as Self‐Enhanced ECL Tags: Mechanism Insights and Biosensing Application

“…As one light-emission phenomenon initiated by the electrochemical reactions, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) integrated the superiorities of electrochemistry and chemiluminescence, [1][2][3] which endowed it with the advantages of high sensitivity, well controllability, wide linear range, rapid response, 2017, Carrara et al found that the supramolecular assembled Pt complexes exhibited higher ECL efficiency than that of their monomers with negligible ECL emission, which was analogous to AIE and defined as "aggregation-induced electrochemiluminescence" (AI-ECL). [33] This phenomenon demonstrated that the enhanced ECL emission resulted from the effective restriction of intramolecular motions (RIM).…”

The recognition of aristolochic acid I based on fluorescence quenching of bovine serum albumin-stabilized gold nanoclusters

“…They have already been widely used in chemical biosensing, biomedical tracing, target analyte detection and other elds owing to their simple operation, stable optical properties, and low toxicity. [33][34][35] Bovine serum albumin-stabilized gold nanoclusters (BSA-AuNCs) are considered one of the excellent uorescent nanomaterials as they have shown satisfactory accuracy and specicity in the detection of various ionic and small-molecule drugs. [36][37][38] The interaction between AAI and BSA has been reported in a preliminary study, demonstrating the quenching effect of BSA.…”