Fluorinated Barium Titanate Nanoparticles for Wearable Piezoelectric Power Generation

Abstract

In this paper, to improve the compatibility of poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) with barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ) and the piezoelectric property of wearable piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs), fluorinated BaTiO 3 (F-BaTiO 3 ) nanoparticles were prepared by the simple thermal annealing of BaTiO 3 prepolymer with PVDF powder, a modified composite nanofiber was prepared by electrospinning with a dispersed liquid consisting of F-BaTiO 3 nanoparticles and PVDF solution, and a PENG was prepared with the modified composite nanofiber as a piezoelectric functional material. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that F-BaTiO 3 nanoparticles were more uniformly dispersed in the modified composite nanofiber than BaTiO 3 nanoparticles, the analysis of Fourier infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy showed that the β-phase content of the modified composite nanofiber compounded with F-BaTiO 3 (F-BaTiO 3 /PVDF nanofiber) was higher than that of the modified composite nanofiber compounded with BaTiO 3 (BaTiO 3 /PVDF nanofiber), and when the dosage of F-BaTiO 3 nanoparticles was 5 wt %, the β-phase content of the modified composite nanofiber reached the maximum value (91%), which was about three times that of BaTiO 3 /PVDF nanofiber. The output voltage of the PENG could reach as high as 1.5 V under an external force of 2N and does not decrease obviously after 300 cycles in a vertical pressing test. Furthermore, PENG was demonstrated to be sensitive to the detection of human motions, for instance, elbow flexion, hand slapping a table, and walking. These results indicated that by BaTiO 3 being fluorinated with PVDF, the dispersity of F-BaTiO 3 in PVDF nanofiber, the β-phase content of F-BaTiO 3 /PVDF nanofiber, and the output voltage of F-BaTiO 3 /PVDF PENG were improved.

A Comprehensive Review on Barium Titanate Nanoparticles as a Persuasive Piezoelectric Material for Biomedical Applications: Prospects and Challenges

“…Also, PENG was observed to be sensitive to detect human motions. [ 264 ] These studies reflect the potential of BaTiO 3 as a persuasive candidate to develop biosensors and wearable bioelectronics.…”

Recent advances in nanofiber-based flexible transparent electrodes

“…Forming a coating or surface modification on the surface of NPs is also a common method. For example, Wang et al improved the piezoelectric properties of piezoelectric nanogenerators by fluorinating BaTiO 3 particles to make them more uniform dispersed in PVDF NFs [178]. Li et al formed a shell-core structure by coating the surface of Si NPs with SiO 2 coating to inhibit the aggregation of Si NPs in CNFs (figure 7(i)) [171].…”

Deformation Mode-Sensitive Piezoelectric Hybrid Nanocomposite Films Based on Anionic Waterborne Polyurethane, Barium Titanate Nanoparticles, and Boron Nitride Nanosheets

“…28−30 However, inorganic BT and BN exist in zero-dimensional (0D) and two-dimensional (2D) particles with low toughness, respectively, which makes them difficult to use alone for flexible and or wearable piezoelectric devices. 22 To address this, they should be combined with easily processable polymeric matrices, including poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), polyurethane (PU), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), etc. 31,32 PUs are unique soft polymeric materials that offer the flexibility of rubber combined with excellent mechanical properties, toughness, and durability.…”

“…Some notable perovskite-based piezoelectric materials include lead zirconate titanate (Pb­[Zr x Ti 1– x ]­O 3 , PZT), barium titanate (BaTiO 3 , BT), strontium titanate (SrTiO 3 ), bismuth ferrite (BiFeO 3 ), etc. Due to environmental concerns associated with lead-containing materials like PZT, ongoing research is focused on developing perovskite-based piezoelectric materials that are free from lead. − Especially, tetragonal BT with a high dielectric constant (ε ∼ 1200) and a piezoelectric coefficient ( d 33 = 100 pC/N) is widely used to replace PZT-based ceramics that are harmful to the environment and human health …”