Fly ash-mediated formation of polychlorinated naphthalenes during secondary copper smelting and mechanistic aspects

Jiang, Xiaoxu; Liu, Guorui; Wang, Mei

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.052

Cited by 31 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In general, POPs can be completely destroyed at temperatures >800 • C but can form easily between 200 and 450 • C [27,28]. The temperature has been found to affect PCN formation, and the PCN concentration has been found always to reach a maximum at 200-300 • C [29][30][31]. The mean temperatures of the stages in Series 1, Series 2, and Series 3 are shown in Fig.…”

Section: Variations and The Factors Influencing Pcn Concentrations Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been found in a number of studies that the chlorine content affects POPs concentrations and that chlorination is an important POPs formation pathway [30,38]. The chlorination of naphthalene and less-chlorinated PCNs could be catalyzed by metal chlorides, such as CuCl 2 and FeCl 3 [29,30,38]. The presence of metals in cement kilns has already been identified as a problem Fig.…”

Section: Variations and The Factors Influencing Pcn Concentrations Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Variations and factors that influence the formation of polychlorinated naphthalenes in cement kilns co-processing solid waste

Jin

Zhan

Liu

et al. 2016

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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h i g h l i g h t s• PCN destruction efficiencies of cement kilns were derived.• Factors influencing PCN variation and formation were identified.• Major pathways for PCN formation and decomposition in cement kiln were discussed.• PCN indicators for sources involved with coal burning were proposed. a r t i c l e i n f o b s t r a c tPilot studies of unintentionally produced pollutants should be performed before waste being coprocessed in cement kilns. Polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) formation and emission from cement kilns co-processing sorted municipal solid waste, sewage sludge, and waste acid, however, have not previously been studied. Here, PCNs were analyzed in stack gas samples and solid samples from different stages of three cement production runs. PCN destruction efficiencies were higher when waste was coprocessed (93.1% and 88.7% in two tests) than when waste was not co-processed (39.1%), so co-processing waste would not increase PCN outputs. The PCN concentrations were higher in particle samples from the C1 preheater and stages at back end of kiln than in particle samples from other stages, suggesting that cyclone preheater and back end of kiln should be focused for controlling PCN emissions. Besides that, based on the variation of PCN concentrations and corresponding operating conditions in different stages, the temperature, feeding materials, and chlorine content were suggested as the main factors influencing PCN formation. The PCN homologue and congener profiles suggested chlorination and dechlorination were the main PCN formation and decomposition pathways, and congeners CN-23, CN-46, and CN-59 appear to be appropriate indicators of PCNs emitted from coal-burning sources.

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Section: Variations and The Factors Influencing Pcn Concentrations Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Variations and The Factors Influencing Pcn Concentrations Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variations and factors that influence the formation of polychlorinated naphthalenes in cement kilns co-processing solid waste

Jin

Zhan

Liu

et al. 2016

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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“…Particles (e.g., fly ash) are widely considered to play important roles in the catalysis of the heterogeneous reactions that dominate the formation pathways of unintentionally produced POPs during thermal processes (Tuppurainen et al, 2003;Liu et al, 2013a;Jiang et al, 2015). PCN concentrations in particulates produced during different stages of the cement production process could be used to identify the major sites in which PCNs are formed in cement kilns co-processing MSWI fly ash and the distributions of the PCNs in the cement kilns.…”

Section: Distributions and Homolog Patterns Of Pcns In Particulate Samentioning

confidence: 99%

Distributions, profiles and formation mechanisms of polychlorinated naphthalenes in cement kilns co-processing municipal waste incinerator fly ash

et al. 2016

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“…3 The SCu fly ash had a particularly high copper concentration, 260 ± 2.0 mg/g, which was determined using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer. 21,22 The fly ash had a bromine content of 0.3%, determined using a scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray analysis. 22 The porosity and specific surface area of the fly ash were determined using a Brunauer− Emmett−Teller analytical system.…”

Section: ■ Experimental Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermochemical Formation of Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans Mediated by Secondary Copper Smelter Fly Ash, and Implications for Emission Reduction

Wang

Liu

Jiang

et al. 2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Heterogeneous reactions mediated by fly ash are important to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/Fs) formation. However, the formation of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) through heterogeneous reactions is not yet well understood. Experiments were performed to investigate the thermochemical formation of PBDD/Fs at 150−450°C through heterogeneous reactions on fly ash from a secondary copper smelter. The maximum PBDD/ F concentration was 325 times higher than the initial PBDD/F concentration in the fly ash. The PBDD/F concentration after the experiment at 150°C was five times higher than the initial concentration. PBDD/Fs have not previously been found to form at such a low temperature. Secondary-copper-smelter fly ash clearly promoted PBDD/F formation, and this conclusion was supported by the low activation energies that were found in Arrhenius's law calculations. Thermochemical formation of PBDD/Fs mediated by fly ash deposited in industrial facilities could explain "memory effects" that have been found for PCDD/ Fs and similar compounds released from industrial facilities. Abundant polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) that were formed through fly ash-mediated reactions could be important precursors for PBDD/Fs also formed through fly ash-mediated reactions. The amounts of PBDEs that formed through fly ash-mediated reactions suggested that secondary copper smelters could be important sources of reformed PBDEs.

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Fly ash-mediated formation of polychlorinated naphthalenes during secondary copper smelting and mechanistic aspects

Cited by 31 publications

References 36 publications

Variations and factors that influence the formation of polychlorinated naphthalenes in cement kilns co-processing solid waste

Variations and factors that influence the formation of polychlorinated naphthalenes in cement kilns co-processing solid waste

Distributions, profiles and formation mechanisms of polychlorinated naphthalenes in cement kilns co-processing municipal waste incinerator fly ash

Thermochemical Formation of Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans Mediated by Secondary Copper Smelter Fly Ash, and Implications for Emission Reduction

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