Fog and Haze, Their Causes, Distribution, and Forecasting

Abstract

This paper contains the results of a yesr's study of fog and haze, both their present synoptic treatment and the more recent literature dealing with them at some of the principal European forecast and aviation centers. The greater part of the investigation was made a t the Geophysical Institute of Bergen, Norway, with shorter stays at Lindenburg Aeronautical Observatory and Tempelhof Field near Berlin, at the meteorological office and Le Bourget, Paris, and at the meteorological office and Croyden, London.Grat,eful acknowledgments are due to the officials of and others connected with those institutions for courtesies shown during this investigation.Part I contains a brief sunimary of the present state of our knowledge of nuclei of condensation, paying special attention t o Aitken's and Kohler's investigations of hygroscopic nuclei, and the general evidence favoring the theory that Condensation begins on hygroscopic nuclei rather than on ions or neutral dust particles.Part I1 contains a general classification of the kinds of fog, followed by a consideration of the causes, characteristics, and distribution of each type. This whole development is carried out in terms of the Bergen methods of air mass analysis, because these are the only methods of synoptic treatment which stress the fine observfitional distinctions necessary for the consideration of a meteorological element as sensitive as fog.Part I11 contains a statement of the fundamental principles t o be followed in fog forecasting, again in terms of air mass properties, and a brief consideration of the application of these general principles t o each specific type of fog.Part IV contains some general elementary considerations of relations between fog frequencies and type of exposure which should be noted in choosing an aerodrome site.Abbreviations used are as follows: R,=relative humidity with rrspct to water. R.=relative humidity with rcspwt lo ice T. A. = tropical air. P. A.=polar air. W. A.=warm air. C. P. A.=continental polar air. M. P. A.=maritime polar air. Trans. A.=transitional air. C. Trans. A.=continental transitional 31r. M. Trans. A.=maritimc transitional nu.T.=tempernture of air just above ground surfwe. T.=tamperature Of ground (or Water) surfam PART I N U C L E I O F C O N D E N S A T I O N e Thermodynernik der Atmoyphlre. p. 2.51. 7 Zur Koudensstinn des W%:serdnmpfes in der Atmnsph3re, erste Mittailung, Geo-8 On Water in the Clouds. Geofvsiske Pu!dikat.inner Val. V NO. 1. 0 (a) Bericht uher eine wissens~hsft.liche Freihsllonhhrt hi; 94% m. Hnhe. Beitrtiee (b) Die vertikale Verteilung der fysislie Puhlikntiouer; Vol. 11. Nn. 6 . zur Physili der freien -4tmnsph5re. VI Bsnd. 1913. Pondeusstionskerne in der freien AtmosphBre, Annslen der Physik, Band 59, 191Y.

Fog characteristics at the airport of Thessaloniki, Greece

“…One of the first classifications of fog into types, was made by Willett (1928), later modified by Byers (1959), who identified eleven (11) fog types. Both researchers based their classifications on the formation mechanisms and weather scenarios that were associated with fog.…”

“…In order to better understand this structure, measurements during various field experiments have been obtained over the last 200 years (i.e. Wells, 1814;Willett, 1928;Fuzzi et al, 1998;Tardif and Rasmussen, 2007). PARISFOG and TOULOUSEFOG are the most recent field experiments.…”

The influence of air temperature and atmospheric circulation on winter fog frequency over Northern Eurasia

“…In addition to creating potential health problems (Romanov, 2001), fog reduces visibility and can be a natural hazard for transportation and aviation (Willett, 1929). On the other hand, subsequent precipitation from fog cleans the air.…”

“…This is generally associated with an inversion structure caused by radiation cooling of the ground and/or near-ground air and the heating of upper layers by adiabatic compression in the course of extensive anti-cyclonic development (Willett, 1929). A clear sky facilitates more rapid cooling by free escape of long-wave radiation from the surface.…”

Characterization and Modeling of Fog in the Mexico Basin

“…The most widely used fog classification system -originally developed by Willett (1928) and later modified and amplified by Byers (1959) -is based on the prevailing synoptic conditions and the main physical processes responsible for its formation. It considers three main types of fogs, each with several sub-types: radiation, advection and frontal fog [see, for example, AMS (2017)].…”