The rapid development
of nanotechnology influences the developments
within the agro-sector. An example is provided by the production of
nanoenabled pesticides with the intention to optimize the efficiency
of the pesticides. At the same time, it is important to collect information
on the unintended and unwanted adverse effects of emerging nanopesticides
on nontarget plants. Currently, this information is limited. In the
present study, we compared the effects of a nanoformulation of atrazine
(NPATZ) and the nonencapsulated atrazine formulation (ATZ) on physiological
responses, defense mechanisms, and nutrient displacement in lettuce
over time with the applied concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 3 mg
atrazine per kg soil. Our results revealed that both NPATZ and ATZ
induced significant decreases in plant biomass, chlorophyll content,
and protein content. Additionally, exposure to NPATZ and ATZ caused
oxidative stress to the lettuce plant and significantly elevated the
activities of the tested ROS scavenger enzymes in plant tissues. These
results indicate that NPATZ and ATZ cause distinct adverse impacts
on lettuce plants. When comparing the adverse effects in plants after
exposure to NPATZ and ATZ, no obvious differences in plant biomass
and chlorophyll content were observed between NPATZ and ATZ treatments
at the same exposure concentration regardless of exposure duration.
An enhanced efficiency of the active ingredient of the nanopesticide
as compared to the conventional formulation was observed after long-term
exposure to the high concentration of NPATZ, as it induced higher
impacts on plants in terms of the end points of the contents of protein,
superoxide anion (O2̇–), and MDA,
and the activities of stress-related enzymes as compared to the same
concentration of ATZ. Furthermore, exposure to both NPATZ and ATZ
disrupted the uptake of mineral nutrients in plants, and the differences
in the displacement of nutrients between the NPATZ and ATZ treatments
depended on the element type, plant organ, exposure concentration,
and time. Overall, the application dose of a nanopesticide should
balance their increased herbicidal efficiency with the long-term adverse
effects in order to maximize the desired impact while minimizing adverse
impacts; only then will we be able to understand the potential impact
of nanopesticides on the environment.