To investigate the role of lifelong vegetarianism on the aetiology of female breast cancer, we conducted a population-based case-control study among South Asian migrant women from the Indian subcontinent resident in England. A total of 240 South Asian breast cancer cases were identified from 2 cancer registries during 1995-1999. For each case, 2 age-matched South Asian controls were randomly selected from the age-sex register of the case practice. Lifelong vegetarians had a slight reduction, although not statistically significant, in the odds of breast cancer relative to lifelong meat-eaters, which persisted after adjustment for socio-demographic and reproductive variables [odds ratio (OR);77.0؍ 95% confidence interval (CI)05.0؍ -1.18]. Analysis by food group revealed no linear trend in the odds of breast cancer with increasing consumption of meat (p)01.0؍ but the odds were higher for women in the top 75%. In contrast, there were strong inverse trends in the odds of breast cancer with increasing intake of vegetables (p,)500.0؍ pulses (p)700.0؍ and fibre [non-starch polysaccharides, NSP (p,])20.0؍ with women in the highest 25% of intake of these foods having about 50% of the odds of those in the lowest ones. Adjustment for intake of vegetables and pulses reverted the odds of breast cancer in lifelong vegetarians relative to lifelong meateaters (OR;40.1؍ 95% CI)86.1-56.0؍ and attenuated the quartile-specific estimates for meat intake, whereas the inverse trends in the odds of breast cancer with intake of vegetables and pulses remained after adjustment for type of diet or meat intake. These findings suggest that lifelong vegetarianism may be associated with a reduction in the risk of breast cancer through its association with a higher intake of vegetables and pulses. Although it is not possible to exclude the possibility that lifelong meat abstention may also play a role, the findings provide evidence that a diet rich in vegetables and pulses, such as those typically found in South Asian diets, may be protective against this cancer. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Key words: breast cancer; diet; vegetarianism; migrants; South Asians; EnglandMigrant 1,2 and ecological 3 studies have supported the hypothesis that diet may play a role in the aetiology of female breast cancer. However, results from cohort and case-control studies have been inconsistent. Deficiencies in study design or inaccuracies of dietary assessment methods that introduce non-differential misclassification of exposure leading to relative risk estimates biased towards unity could have contributed to the conflicting results. In addition, a common difficulty in investigating relationships between dietary factors and breast cancer risks with case-control or cohort studies, especially if they are likely to be weak associations, is the relative homogeneity of the diet of Western populations where most such epidemiological studies have been carried out. South Asian populations such as those in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh are characterised by a l...