For R. M., 26th December

Carruth, Hayden

doi:10.2307/3849523

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Whether these differences reflect calpain isoform susceptibility to different inhibitors or are due to the presence of protein targets in differing cell types must await .further studies and the emergence of a consistently clear picture. Reviews Calpain is also known to play a key role in the processing of IL-lc~ [42]. Since the calcium ionophores A23187 and ionomycin enhance the processing and secretion of IL-lc~ and induce apoptosis in different cells, it was considered possible that calpain may also play a role in the processing of IL-1/L The activation of calpain neither enhances the processing of IL-1/~ by ICE in vitro or in vivo nor results in the degradation of precursor of IL-1/3 [43].…”

Section: Involvement Of Proteases Other Than Ice-like Proteases In Apmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proteases in apoptosis

1996

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The interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme (ICE)-like family proteases have recently been identified as key enzymes in apoptotic cell death. Among these proteases one can identify specific activities which may be involved in cytokine production or in resident protein cleavage. Several factors influence the constitutive apoptotic mechanism and may provide insight into the role of protease(s) in apoptosis. Although it appears that ICE family members play a most important role in promoting apoptotic cell death, evidence has been advanced that other proteases are also involved in sequential or parallel steps of apoptosis. Activation of a particular protease can lead to processing molecules either of the same or different proteases, leading to an activation of a protease cascade. Here we attempt to summarize the current thinking concerning these proteases and their involvement in apoptosis.

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Section: Involvement Of Proteases Other Than Ice-like Proteases In Apmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proteases in apoptosis

1996

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“…This process can be the most significant contributor to the ion backflow phenomenon, as opposed to other reactions such as additional ionizations occurring within the plume flow [7]. The ion backflow phenomenon is responsible for contamination issues such as spacecraft charging and surface erosion [8]. Various plume diagnostics have been conducted in vacuum facilities to investigate the exhaust plasma during EP operations [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma plume simulation of an atomic oxygen-fed ion thruster in very-low-earth-orbit

Moon,

Choe,

Jun

2023

Plasma Sources Sci. Technol.

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The plasma plume flow of an atomic oxygen-fed (AO-fed) ion thruster is numerically investigated as a simplification of the atmosphere-breathing electric propulsion (ABEP). A predictive analysis is conducted focusing on the ion backflow phenomenon and plume-background interaction in very-low-earth-orbit (VLEO). The computational framework employs two sequentially integrated numerical methods: a zero-dimensional (0-D) analytical model for the radio-frequency ion thruster and a hybrid method of the particle-in-cell (PIC) and direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) techniques. The 0-D analytic model is employed for the prediction of exhaust conditions, while the hybrid PIC-DSMC method adopts these predictions to conduct the plasma plume simulations. A generalized collision cross-section model is introduced to enable consistent kinetic simulations for both AO and xenon propellants in VLEO atmosphere. The plasma plume simulations are conducted in an axisymmetric domain, including a cylindrical satellite body to consider wake flow. The exhaust ions exhibit diffusive transport transverse to the ion beam direction, implying the ion backflow. The backflowing ion current density can be increased in AO-fed thrusters, which require a high propellant flow rate to achieve a practical thrust. The AO-fed ion thruster shows a more active interaction between its plasma plume and the VLEO atmosphere compared to conventional xenon-based thrusters. The intensified plume-background interaction modifies the backflowing ion current density and the kinetic energy of individual ions, factors related to the spacecraft’s surface contamination.

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For R. M., 26th December

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Proteases in apoptosis

Proteases in apoptosis

Plasma plume simulation of an atomic oxygen-fed ion thruster in very-low-earth-orbit

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