Force-distance behaviour of tine implements

Dynamic modeling of soil–tool interaction: An overview from a fluid flow perspective

“…Speed did not affect the shear strength under the conditions of brittle soil failure, whereas, under flow failure conditions, soil-metal friction has been observed to be a logarithmic function of speed. Collapse-type failure was observed for cyclic behaviour of soil forces with tine movement, particularly for wide tools [7]. Relationships have been established between draft force and operating speed.…”

Soil failure associated with crack propagation for an agricultural tillage tool

“…The study of soil failure and corresponding forcedistance behaviour for flat tines in clay soil under quasi-static conditions with varying soil moisture, tine width and constant working depth revealed that the nature of failure depended on the soil moisture level (Rajaram and Gee-Clough, 1988). They also observed four mechanisms of soil failure, namely collapsing, fracturing, chip forming and flow failure.…”

“…Previous studies on the mechanism of soil failure front were based on the cleavage development due to the interaction of a vertical tool (flat blade) with soil (O'Calleghan and Farrely, 1964;Godwin and Spoor, 1977;Rajaram and Gee-Clough, 1988). Soil mechanical behaviour in the perspective of crack development and its propagation for soil interaction with commonly used tillage tools is not available in the literature.…”

SW—Soil and Water

“…four pattern EX FS Rajaram and Oida (1989) Wide, narrow tines, sand, two patterns EX FS Thakur and Godwin (1989) Force prediction models for rotary tools (review) * * Suministrado et al (1990) Mouldboard plough, with assumptions TH PM Sharma et al (1990Sharma et al ( , 1992 Di!erent #at tines, sand, 2-D models TH, EX PM, FS Chi and Kushwaha (1990) General applications, 3-D TH, FEM PM, FS Wang (1991) Di!erent #at tines, BKK clay, 2-D EX, FEM FS Salokhe and Pathak (1992) Flat vertical tines, sand, shear failure EX FS Niyamapa et al (1992) Triaxial tests, silty and sandy loam EX FS Hatibu and Hettiaratchi (1993) Triaxial test, sand, loam, clay, four factors EX FS Zhang and Kushwaha (1995) Blades/tines, cutting resistance, 3-D TH, EX PM Fielke (1996) Sweeps, tool edge e!ect, 2-D EX PM, FS Godwin and Wheeler (1996) Land anchors TH, EX PM Makanga et al (1996) Di!erent #at tines, loam soil, 2-D EX FS O' Dogharty et al (1996) Tilted spherical plough disc TH PM Wheeler and Godwin (1996) Single and multiple tines at high speed TH,EX PM Desbiolles et al (1997a) Standard tine, sandy loam and clay soils TH, EX PM Hettiaratchi (1997) Concave discs, c-soil, 3-D TH, SIM PM Jayasuriya and Salokhe (1998) Inclined tines, dry compressible soil, 3-D EX PM, FS Kushwaha and Zhang (1998) General applications, dominant factors TH, FEM, ANN PM, FS Desbiolles et al (1999) Cone index used for draught prediction TH,EX PM Jayasuriya (1999) Flat tines, di!erent rakes, dry c-soil EX PM, FS Desbiolles and Godwin (2000) Use of soil strength factors TH,EX PM Saunders et al (2000) Use of Mohr}Coulomb criteria and inertia EX PM, FS Note: FS, failure study; PM, prediction models; TH, theoretical; EX, experimental; SIM, similitude; FEM, "nite element method; ANN, arti"cial neural network; c, cohesion; , soil}soil internal friction angle; c-,frictional-cohesive soil, 2-D, two dimensional; 3-D, three dimensional; BKK clay, Bangkok clay. conditions (Salokhe, 1986;Rajaram & Gee-Clough, 1988;Sharma, 1990). It was revealed that the inadequacy of present theoretical considerations in generalizing the situation, since the e!ect of moisture content, stress history, cyclic failure mechanism instead of instantaneous failure could not be taken into account by the existing failure theories.…”

“…depth width rake TH, EX PM Sta!ord (1984) Di!. rake, speed e!ect, two failure modes TH, EX PM, FS Swick and Perumpral (1985) Narrow blades, dynamic e!ect TH, EX PM Godwin et al (1985) Concave discs, cutting, scrubbing TH PM Liu Yan and Homzhi-Min (1985) Narrow blades, 3-D TH, FEM PM, FS Salokhe and Gee-Clough (1987) Single lug,2-D,BKK clay,wedge EX FS Salokhe and Gee-Clough (1988) Multiple lug, 2-D, BKK clay, spacing EX FS Rajaram (1987) Vertical tines, clay, di!. moist.…”