Forehead, Temple and Wrist Temperature Assessment of Ethnic Groups using Infrared Technology

Strasse, Wally auf der; Campos, Daniel Prado; Mendonça, Celso Júnio Aguiar; Soni, Jamil Faissal; Mendes, Joaquim; Nohama, Percy

doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2022.103777

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 31 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…According to the standardized body temperature measurement process, we strictly measured body temperature at a distance of 5 cm perpendicular to the skin in a same semi-enclosed artificial light source measurement environment. The body surface temperature measured at same body surface site with NCITs in different studies could be different, which may fluctuate between 34 and 37 °C ( 42 – 45 ). As we said, the accuracy of NCITs may vary according to ambient temperature, measurement distance, the measurement angle, the ambient light intensity, model and manufacturer, etc., the measurement result even has an error of more than 1°C ( 41 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal diagnostic fever thresholds using non-contact infrared thermometers under COVID-19

Fan

Liu

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Fever screening is an effective method to detect infectors associated with different variants of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) based on the fact that most infectors with COVID-19 have fever symptoms. Non-contact infrared thermometers (NCITs) are widely used in fever screening. Nevertheless, authoritative data is lacking in defining “fever” at different body surface sites when using NCITs. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal diagnostic threshold for fever screening using NICTs at different body surface sites, to improve the accuracy of fever screening and provide theoretical reference for healthcare policy. Participants (n = 1860) who were outpatients or emergency patients at Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital were recruited for this prospective investigation from March 1 to June 30, 2021. NCITs and mercury axillary thermometers were used to measure neck, temple, forehead and wrist temperatures of all participants. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to reflect the accuracy of NCITs. Linear correlation analysis was used to show the effect of age on body temperature. Multilinear regression analysis was used to explore the association between non-febrile participant's covariates and neck temperature. The mean age of participants was 3.45 ± 2.85 years for children and 28.56 ± 7.25 years for adults. In addition 1,304 (70.1%) participants were children (≤12), and 683 (36.7%) were male. The neck temperature exhibited the highest accuracy among the four sites. Further the optimal fever diagnostic thresholds of NCITs at the four body surface measurement sites were neck (36.75 °C, sensitivity: 0.993, specificity: 0.858); temple (36.55 °C, sensitivity: 0.974, specificity: 0.874); forehead (36.45 °C, sensitivity: 0.961, specificity: 0.813); and wrist (36.15 °C, sensitivity: 0.951, specificity: 0.434). Based on the findings of our study, we recommend 36.15, 36.45, 36.55, and 36.75 °C as the diagnostic thresholds of fever at the wrist, forehead, temple and neck, respectively. Among the four surface sites, neck temperature exhibited the highest accuracy.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal diagnostic fever thresholds using non-contact infrared thermometers under COVID-19

Fan

Liu

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Some scholars have studied the difference of the emissivity between the different skin tones. The latest research shows that there is no difference in the thermal emissivity between black and white skin, and there is no significant difference in the influence of skin pigmentation on skin reflectivity [ 32 , 33 , 34 ]. Therefore, while conducting the forehead temperature experiments, it is unnecessary to account for the variation in skin reflectivity induced by skin color.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Study of Forehead Temperature and Core Body Temperature under Varying Ambient Temperature Conditions

Chen

Zhu

Lin

et al. 2022

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

When the ambient temperature, in which a person is situated, fluctuates, the body’s surface temperature will alter proportionally. However, the body’s core temperature will remain relatively steady. Consequently, using body surface temperature to characterize the core body temperature of the human body in varied situations is still highly inaccurate. This research aims to investigate and establish the link between human body surface temperature and core body temperature in a variety of ambient conditions, as well as the associated conversion curves. Methods: Plan an experiment to measure temperature over a thousand times in order to get the corresponding data for human forehead, axillary, and oral temperatures at varying ambient temperatures (14–32 °C). Utilize the axillary and oral temperatures as the core body temperature standards or the control group to investigate the new approach’s accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for detecting fever/non-fever conditions and the forehead temperature as the experimental group. Analyze the statistical connection, data correlation, and agreement between the forehead temperature and the core body temperature. Results: A total of 1080 tests measuring body temperature were conducted on healthy adults. The average axillary temperature was (36.7 ± 0.41) °C, the average oral temperature was (36.7 ± 0.33) °C, and the average forehead temperature was (36.2 ± 0.30) °C as a result of the shift in ambient temperature. The forehead temperature was 0.5 °C lower than the average of the axillary and oral temperatures. The Pearson correlation coefficient between axillary and oral temperatures was 0.41 (95% CI, 0.28–0.52), between axillary and forehead temperatures was 0.07 (95% CI, −0.07–0.22), and between oral and forehead temperatures was 0.26 (95% CI, 0.11–0.39). The mean differences between the axillary temperature and the oral temperature, the oral temperature and the forehead temperature, and the axillary temperature and the forehead temperature were −0.08 °C, 0.49 °C, and 0.42 °C, respectively, according to a Bland-Altman analysis. Finally, the regression analysis revealed that there was a linear association between the axillary temperature and the forehead temperature, as well as the oral temperature and the forehead temperature due to the change in ambient temperature. Conclusion: The changes in ambient temperature have a substantial impact on the temperature of the forehead. There are significant differences between the forehead and axillary temperatures, as well as the forehead and oral temperatures, when the ambient temperature is low. As the ambient temperature rises, the forehead temperature tends to progressively converge with the axillary and oral temperatures. In clinical or daily applications, it is not advised to utilize the forehead temperature derived from an uncorrected infrared thermometer as the foundation for a body temperature screening in public venues such as hospital outpatient clinics, shopping malls, airports, and train stations.

show abstract

Forehead, Temple and Wrist Temperature Assessment of Ethnic Groups using Infrared Technology

Cited by 2 publications

References 31 publications

Optimal diagnostic fever thresholds using non-contact infrared thermometers under COVID-19

Optimal diagnostic fever thresholds using non-contact infrared thermometers under COVID-19

A Comparative Study of Forehead Temperature and Core Body Temperature under Varying Ambient Temperature Conditions

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About