Forest Fire Monitoring Based on Mixed Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract

Forest fires can be fatal threats. Motivated by the need to detect fire early and locate forest fires clearly, in this paper, we propose a paradigm called the forest fire monitoring paradigm (FFMP). The purpose of the FFMP is for forest fire early detection and locating based on mixed wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Different from pure static and mobile WSNs, mixed WSNs are composed of both mobile sensor nodes and static sensor nodes. Mixed WSNs are a tradeoff between cost and coverage. In the FFMP, the mobile sensor nodes perform as cluster heads and they will construct a backbone network in which the mobile sensor nodes can connect with their neighbors and be capable of transmitting data to the base station. Each static sensor node chooses one neighboring mobile sensor node as its cluster head and uploads the generated messages to the cluster head. The mobile sensor nodes then fuses the information and transfers the fusion results to the base station, where the data were further processed to obtain the temperature distribution graph and locate the fires. The simulation illustrates that our approach performs well in early forest fire detection and locating. In addition, our approach can significantly prolong the lifetime of WSNs.

Plant‐Wearable Sensors for Intelligent Forestry Monitoring

“…Wearable TENGs for plants usually adopt a single-electrode structure. Li and co-workers fabricated a single-electrodestyle fully stretchable triboelectric nanogenerator with a porous polydimethylsiloxane attached to plant leaves to monitor wind speed in the natural environment and can provide a voltage of 92 V. [51] Notably, although different plant-wearable TENGs were developed, [52][53][54][55][56] the waxy surface and microstructure of plant leaves can lead to poor device adhesion, affecting the sensing performance. Furthermore, the poor air permeability of TENGs would negatively impact the normal physiological activities of plants.…”

“…[ 52,105,106 ] However, these monitoring methods do not respond fast enough to forest fires, and the range of the fire becomes too large by the time they are discovered, which increases the difficulty of extinguishing fires. Additionally, the wireless sensors that are used as an alternate forest fire monitoring method suffer from having insufficient battery life and need to be replaced regularly, [ 53 ] which increases the cost of manpower and material resources. Furthermore, discarded batteries also pollute the environment.…”

Realization of Forest Internet of Things Using Wireless Network Communication Technology of Low-Power Wide-Area Network

“…In recent years, the concept of the Internet of things (IoT) has developed rapidly and has been applied successfully in different fields, including city applications [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ], medical applications [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ], industrial applications [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ], agricultural applications [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ], and forestry applications [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]. The applications using IoT technology in forestry can be classified into three major aspects: forest resource planning and environmental monitoring, the intelligent management of forest fires, and the prevention of illegal logging.…”

Coverage Enhancement Algorithms for Distributed Mobile Sensors Deployment in Wireless Sensor Networks

“…Such applications include battlefield surveillance, forest fire detection, disaster monitoring, and postdisaster operations [1][2][3][4]. They significantly improve the capabilities to control and monitor the physical environment.…”

“…Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have gained considerable worldwide attention in different research communities in recent years, due to their widespread applications in many scenarios. Such applications include battlefield surveillance, forest fire detection, disaster monitoring, and postdisaster operations [1–4]. They significantly improve the capabilities to control and monitor the physical environment.…”