Forest Monitoring Methods in the United States and Canada

Tkacz, Borys M.; Riitters, Kurt H.; Percy, Kevin E.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-098222-9.00004-2

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The literature classifies COAs based on their scope of authority(De Angelis, Rosenthal, and Buchner 2016;Ferdik, Rojek, and Alpert 2013; Police Assessment Resource Center 2005). Based on a factor analysis of 13 survey questions, we adopt a slightly modified version of the oversight classification scheme proposed byDe Angelis, Rosenthal, and Buchner (2016), categorizing COAs as investigative, monitoring, or review/audit COAs (see appendix B for a description of the factor analysis procedure used to categorize our sample COAs).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Accountability and Institutional Change: The Case of Citizen Oversight of Police

Ali

Pirog

2019

Public Administration Review

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This article examines the ability of social accountability to spur gradual institutional change at the municipal level, using the case of citizen oversight agencies (COAs) for police agencies. Using the gradual change framework and the social accountability framework to guide the empirical strategy and data collected through an original survey of COAs, the authors test the impact of COAs on institutional outcomes in policing. We find that, in accordance with the gradual change framework, the degree to which a COA reduces racial disparity in policing outcomes depends on its scope of authority and the degree of discretion afforded by existing institutions to police officers. In general, the wider the scope of authority, and the broader the discretion afforded by existing institutions, the greater the likelihood of change in institutional outcomes.

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confidence: 99%

Social Accountability and Institutional Change: The Case of Citizen Oversight of Police

Ali

Pirog

2019

Public Administration Review

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“…Therefore, there is a need for reliable information on the direction and pace of changes taking place in the forest environment and on the impact of disturbance factors. In response to this need, monitoring programmes such as the International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests ICP Forests [55], Forest Inventory and Analysis [39] and the development of national inventories in many countries around the world have been created. Regular forest health surveys are currently conducted in more than 110 countries, covering about 85% of the world's forest resources [37].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This should encourage the use of mortality/survival rates as a criterion for assessing forest health. Monitoring or inventory surveys are conducted regularly and the interval between observations is 1, 5 or even 10 years [38,39]. This makes it impossible to determine which trees were dead at the time of removal or how badly damaged the removed trees were and what their chances of survival were.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Mortality or not mortality, that is a question …” How to treat removals in tree survival analysis of managed forests

Lech¹,

Kamińska²

2023

Preprint

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Tree mortality is an objective and easily definable criterion for forest health and is particularly suitable for long-term and large-scale studies of forest condition. However, it is not possible to accurately determine actual tree mortality in managed forests that are subject to silvicultural and sanitary, periodic or continuous tree removal. In this case, the only way to approximate actual tree mortality is to define the range in which it occurs by determining minimum and maximum mortality thresholds. For this purpose, we performed a survival analysis and considered the removals as either censored or complete observations. The results obtained showed significant differences, indicating the importance of how removals are classified in the analysis. An attempt to determine the similarity of removed trees to alive or dead trees in terms of defoliation, severity of damage, DBH and age of the trees revealed inconsistencies between species and the year for which this analysis was also performed. Removed trees from species in good health (pine) resembled alive, while removed trees from species in poor health (spruce) resembled dead trees more. This result suggests that in managed stands of healthy species the actual mortality is closer to the minimum, while in species in poor health it is closer to the maximum mortality.

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“…In this sense, important forest monitoring programmes emerged in the 1980s. Some of these programmes are the International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests (ICP Forests) of the United Nations Economic 22 Commission for Europe (UNECE), since 1985 (63); or the Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) of the United States, which began in 1990 (64). Many of these inventories were accompanied by physiological measurements of the plants as reliable methods of direct observation to monitor the "vital signs" of the plants (65,66).…”

Section: Trends Topics Concepts and Methodologies On Forest Health Re...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution and paradigm shift in forest health research: A review on global trends and knowledge gaps

Acosta-Muñoz,

Navarro-Cerrillo,

Bonet-García

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Forests provide key ecosystem services to human society, and the ability to provide these services depends on their overall health. Forest health is an attractive and interesting concept in forestry research, which environmental, social and political interests have shaped. Assessing forest health is crucial, but finding a single definition of the concept is complex. It is determined by the aim of the forest study, different areas of knowledge, scales of work, technology, methodologies, historical moment or source of funding, among others. With almost a century of scientific evidence, the aim is to identify and contextualise temporal changes in the relevance of this key concept. Trends are analysed through the construction of three main descriptors (state variables, drivers and methods) and the main conceptual subdomains (themes). This review reveals the significant geographical bias in the research, which the Global North predominantly conducts. We observe the evolution of forest health research driven by diverse needs and interests, ranging from air pollution to the multifaceted impacts of climate change. Methodologies applied in this field have also evolved from traditional crown condition inventories to the use of advanced tools such as remote sensing or ecophysiology, improving the characterisation of forest health patterns at both global and individual scales. Forest health research has evolved towards more holistic and multidisciplinary approaches, reflected in the broadening and integration of methodologies and technologies, influenced by historical context, which influence what is being researched today and future scenarios. We identified key knowledge gaps in the scientific literature, in particular the concepts of ecosystem services, Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) and the concept of ‘One Health’. These findings highlight the need for future research to incorporate these critical but often overlooked areas, potentially reshaping future directions and scenarios for forest health research.

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Forest Monitoring Methods in the United States and Canada

Cited by 8 publications

References 30 publications

Social Accountability and Institutional Change: The Case of Citizen Oversight of Police

Social Accountability and Institutional Change: The Case of Citizen Oversight of Police

“Mortality or not mortality, that is a question …” How to treat removals in tree survival analysis of managed forests

Evolution and paradigm shift in forest health research: A review on global trends and knowledge gaps

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