Forgiving, fast and slow: validity of the implicit association test for predicting differential response latencies in a transgression-recall paradigm

Fatfouta, Ramzi; Schröder–Abé, Michela; Merkl, Angela

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00728

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…Fifth, in the agreeableness domain, as much evidence is observed in favour of (Banse et al, , Studies 1 and 3), as against (Banse et al, , study 2; Schnabel et al, ) the expected differential correlation of implicit and explicit measures with social desirability. In none of the four studies, a differential correlation was found with impression management (Banse et al, , study 3; LaBouff, Rowatt, Johnson, Tsang, & McCullough Willerton, , Study 3; Rowatt et al, , Study 1; Fatfouta, Schöder‐Abé, & Merkl, ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The results of this study demonstrated that the predictive influence of the angriness IAT on negative social feedback—but not on performance feedback—got weaker as the working memory capacity increased. A forgiveness IAT only predicted the time a participant needed to rate his feelings of revenge (not avoidance and benevolence; Fatfouta et al, ). This predictive relation was still observed when the directly measured tendency to forgive was controlled for.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, a pattern of equivocal results was observed for implicit angriness (Hofmann, Gschwendner, Friese, Wiers, & Schmitt, 2008, Study 3;Schnabel et al, 2006a) and forgiveness measures (Fatfouta et al, 2014). Interestingly, Hofmann and colleagues examined the moderating role of working memory capacity in the prediction of provoked aggressiveness behaviour based on an angriness IAT (Hofmann et al, 2008, Study 3).…”

Section: Predictive Validitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using Indirect Measurement Tasks to Assess the Self–Concept of Personality: A Systematic Review and Meta–Analyses

et al. 2017

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This systematic review presents the current state of research investigating the implicit self-concept of personality. First, we present results on meta-analyses estimating internal consistency, reliability coefficients, the implicit-explicit consistency and the single association predictive effect of implicit self-concept of personality measures. To do this, studies were aggregated over personality domains. Second, for each of the Five Factor personality domains, different aspects of construct validity and predictive validity are reviewed in a narrative way. Results show that implicit self-concept of personality measures are reliable, and there is evidence for the construct and predictive validity of these implicit measures, especially in the extraversion and agreeableness domains of personality. However, it must be kept in mind that clear evidence for publication bias was found for studies examining the single association predictive pattern. Finally, this systematic review identifies some achievable improvements that are needed in future research. Large cross-lab efforts are important in this respect. Moreover, the implicit self-concept of personality field must move from an 'ad hoc' to a 'validation' approach in developing new indirect measurement tasks. By adopting these research objectives, the information processing account of personality will increase its potential to become integrated into mainstream personality theory and research. Copyright © 2017 European Association of Personality Psychology Key words: systematic review; meta-analysis; self-concept; personality; implicit measures Human beings consider it important to gain insight into their person(ality). Unfortunately, research has demonstrated that we can have blind spots with respect to the behavioural manifestations of our selves (e.g. Hofmann, Gschwendner, & Schmitt, 2009;Hofmann & Wilson, 2010;Wilson, 2002;Wilson & Dunn, 2004). According to psychoanalytic tradition, humans lack self-knowledge because they are motivated to keep unpleasant and anxious thoughts/feelings outside awareness. The more contemporary view on the failure of self-knowledge holds that much of the information that people capture with their senses is processed outside awareness, simply because the amount of information is too large to be consciously processed. Several mental functions operate outside conscious awareness, including aspects of learning, attention, interpretation, emotions and goal-setting (Hofmann & Wilson, 2010;Wilson, 2002). Wilson (Wilson, 2002;Wilson & Dunn, 2004) calls these non-conscious processes the 'adaptive unconscious', as they are vital for daily functioning. Several mental functions that are largely processed in the adaptive unconscious are part of-and are combined in-the construct of personality.In personality psychology research, direct self-report measures are the standard measurement tasks for assessing individual differences in personality. People are directly asked about characteristics of their personality, based on introspection. T...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Predictive Validitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using Indirect Measurement Tasks to Assess the Self–Concept of Personality: A Systematic Review and Meta–Analyses

et al. 2017

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“…We fixed the order of the blocks (i.e., all participants started with the pro-Flemish block) because we were interested primarily in interindividual differences in RRT scores, that is, we wanted to correlate RRT scores with other measures. Counterbalancing block order is known to increase error variance (i.e., differences in scores between participants might reflect not only differences in the to-be-measured attribute but also differences in block order) and thus to lower correlations (see Perugini and Banse, 2007 , for a discussion and the recommendation to fix block order). Because there are few studies about the effect of block order on the validity of implicit measures (e.g., studies examining whether correlations with validity criteria are stronger when starting with an attitude-inconsistent vs. an attitude-consistent block), we did not have strong reasons to select one of the two block orders but more or less randomly decided to always start with the pro-Flemish block.…”

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confidence: 99%

The relational responding task: toward a new implicit measure of beliefs

et al. 2015

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We introduce the Relational Responding Task (RRT) as a tool for capturing beliefs at the implicit level. Flemish participants were asked to respond as if they believed that Flemish people are more intelligent than immigrants (e.g., respond “true” to the statement “Flemish people are wiser than immigrants”) or to respond as if they believed that immigrants are more intelligent than Flemish people (e.g., respond “true” to the statement “Flemish people are dumber than immigrants”). The difference in performance between these two tasks correlated with ratings of the extent to which participants explicitly endorsed the belief that Flemish people are more intelligent than immigrants and with questionnaire measures of subtle and blatant racism. The current study provides a first step toward validating RRT effects as a viable measure of implicit beliefs.

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“…Based on the speed of reaction to the stimuli, we argue that the patterns observed here are unmediated and indicative of implicit attitudes. The method that we have chosen in our study has shown repeatedly that individuals process information implicitly (i.e., automatically or unconsciously) (Greenwald and Banaji, 1995;Bargh and Chartrand, 1999;Banaji, 2001;Greenwald et al, 2002Greenwald et al, , 2009Fatfouta et al, 2014) as opposed to explicitly (controlled or conscious). To be more precise, we argue that our results show attitudes below the level of consciousness due to three different aspects related to the IAT method.…”

Section: Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Social Meaning of Contextualized Sibilant Alternations in Berlin German

2020

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In Berlin, the pronunciation of /ç/ as [ɕ] is associated with the multi-ethnic youth variety ( Kiezdeutsch ). This alternation is also known to be produced by French learners of German. While listeners form socio-cultural interpretations upon hearing language input, the associations differ depending on the listeners’ biases and stereotypes toward speakers or groups. Here, the contrast of interest concerns two speaker groups using the [ç]–[ɕ] alternation: multi-ethnic adolescents from Berlin neighborhoods carrying low social prestige in mainstream German society and French learners of German supposedly having higher cultural prestige. To understand the strength of associations between phonetic alternations and social attributes, we ran an Implicit Association Task with 131 participants (three groups varying in age and ethnic background (mono- vs. multi-ethnic German) using auditory and written stimuli. In experiment 1, participants categorized written words as having a positive ( good ) or negative ( bad ) valence and auditory stimuli containing pronunciation variations of /ç/ as canonical [ç] (labeled Hochdeutsch [a term used in Germany for Standard German]) or non-canonical [ɕ] (labeled Kiezdeutsch ). In experiment 2, identical auditory stimuli were used but the label Kiezdeutsch was changed to French Accent . Results show faster reaction times when negative categories and non-canonical pronunciations or positive categories and canonical pronunciations were mapped to the same response key, indicating a tight association between value judgments and concept categories. Older German listeners (OMO) match a supposed Kiezdeutsch accent more readily with negatively connotated words compared to a supposed French accent, while younger German listeners (YMO) seem to be indifferent toward this variation. Young multi-ethnic listeners (YMU), however, seem to associate negative concepts more strongly with a supposed French accent compared to Kiezdeutsch . These results demonstrate how social and cultural contextualization influences language interpretation and evaluation. We interpret our findings as a loss of cultural prestige of French speakers for the YMO group compared to the OMO group: younger urban listeners do not react differently to these contextual primes. YMU listeners, however, show a positive bias toward their in-group. Our results point to implicit listener attitudes, beliefs, stereotypes and shared world knowledge as significant factors in culturally- and socially situated language processing.

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Forgiving, fast and slow: validity of the implicit association test for predicting differential response latencies in a transgression-recall paradigm

Cited by 15 publications

References 48 publications

Using Indirect Measurement Tasks to Assess the Self–Concept of Personality: A Systematic Review and Meta–Analyses

Using Indirect Measurement Tasks to Assess the Self–Concept of Personality: A Systematic Review and Meta–Analyses

The relational responding task: toward a new implicit measure of beliefs

The Social Meaning of Contextualized Sibilant Alternations in Berlin German

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