Formación de calculos renales de oxalato cálcico en mamíferos

Abstract

Calcium oxalate (CaOx) is the main inorganic component of urolithiasis and is mainly present in the formation of kidney stones in humans. Additionally, oxalocalcic urolithiasis has become the most frequent type of kidney stones, for instance, oxalocalcic urolithiasis has substantially increased in dogs and cats over the last decades. In urolithiasis, urine is supersaturated with calcium and oxalate ions that promote nucleation, growth and aggregation of CaOx crystals. It is accepted that the presence of acidic macromolecules and inorganic compounds in urine is responsible not only for the molecular processes involved in lithiasis but also for the adhesion and endocytosis by renal epithelial cells. Patients with the tendency to form kidney stones may have an alteration in the structure and/or function of some inhibitors of crystallization. In the current review, we describe some general aspects of epidemiology and pathophysiology of oxalocalcic urolithiasis.

Control of calcium oxalate morphology through electrocrystallization as an electrochemical approach for preventing pathological disease

“…Pathological manifestation inside the urinary tract occurs in pets and humans, and in both the involved inorganic mineral is the CaOx [4]. CaOx is one of the most abundant biominerals in superior plants and represents the most abundant inorganic compound found in mammal urinary calculi, including humans [5]. The prevalence of nephrolithiasis is approximately 6 % in women and 12 % in men in USA [6].…”

Effect of Diazotated Sulphonated Polystyrene Films on the Calcium Oxalate Crystallization

“…PS films were sulphonated through a surface chemical reaction, which gave them anionic moieties groups of sulfonic groups (-SO 3 H). PS films were submerged in a 10% solution of fuming sulfuric acid containing 65% of SO 3 and 90% of concentrated sulfuric acid during 30 min. Then, these sulfonated polystyrene (PSS) films were surface-chemically modified by using diazonium salts with the following amine compounds: aniline, 2-chloroaniline, 4-hexadecylaniline, 4-dodecylaniline, o-anisidine and 6-chloro-2,4-dinitroaniline (Please see Suplementary Material, Figure S1).…”

“…HKS can be constituted by one or more inorganic components such as calcium oxalate, cystine, calcium phosphate, struvite and uric acid. CaOx is one of the most abundant biominerals in superior plants [2] and represents the most abundant inorganic compound found in mammal urinary calculi [3]. CaOx exhibits three crystalline types in nature: CaOx monohydrate COM, CaOx dihydrate COD, and trihydrate COT.…”

“…More recently, we evaluated the effect of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) oxidized and functionalized with different chemical compounds carrying acidic groups (-COOH) on CaOx crystallization. Although naturally occurring urinary micro and macromolecules [1,3,11,44] are believed to play an important role in controlling the HKS formation, a mechanistic understanding is still missing. Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of diazotated sulphonated polystyrene films (DSPF), and their utilization as polymeric templates for selective in vitro CaOx crystallization.…”

Effect of Functionalized Multiwalled CNTs on the Selective Formation of Calcium Oxalate Crystals by Electrocrystallization

“…Biomineralization is the formation of biogenic minerals with biological origins, such as vertebrate bone and teeth, invertebrate shells and exoskeletons, and even small particles secreted by plants and bacteria. , Kidney stones (KS) are the result of pathological biomineralization caused by the uncontrolled nucleation of calcium oxalate (CaOx) . KS can occur in different animal species; CaOx is one of the most copious minerals present in plants and is the most abundant mineral found in urinary calculi produced by mammals, including humans. , …”