“…In the model-driven development (MDD), the BPMN, which is a dominant notation OMG standard, is a popular business process modelling method for the computation-independent model (CIM) level [25][26][27][28][29]. Many researchers have formalized the BPMN model and analysed the semantics using Petri nets theory [4,7,8,[30][31][32][33], CSP [10,34,35], event-B [36], OCL specification [2,37,38], and BNF syntax [3,11,39], among others. Various formal tools based on the Petri nets are used to specify the BPMN semantics for soundness verification [40,41], property verification [42], safety verification [43], validity verification [44], and semantics specification [45].…”