Formaldehyde Vapor Characteristics in Varied Decontamination Environments

Choi, Young Wook; Sunderman, Michelle; McCauley, Martha W.; Richter, William R.; Willenberg, Zachary J.; Wood, Joseph; Serre, Shannon; Mickelsen, Leroy; Willison, Stuart A.; Rupert, Rich; Ortiz, Jorge G. Muñiz; Casey, Sara; Calfee, M. Worth

doi:10.1177/1535676020926968

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Findings from other studies have shown that the effects of formalin contamination on microbes are also affected by environmental conditions one of which is air temperature. Previous research has shown that low temperatures (approximately 10 0 C) reduce the formaldehyde concentration in the air while the formaldehyde concentration at ambient temperature (approximately 22 0 C) is still higher than at low temperatures (Choi et al, 2021). A similar study also reported the efficacy of formaldehyde in laboratory decontamination with type BSL-3 by formaldehyde fumigation.…”

Section: Levels Of Formaldehyde Vs Colony Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 75%

Neutralize Bacterial Activity With Anatomical Embalming Solutions

Aditya

Wicaksono²,

Afandi³

et al. 2022

Jurnal Riset Kesehatan

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Formaldehyde had some degree of toxicity in the human body as a cadaver preservation solution. Recent studies showed that moderate formaldehyde levels in cadavers could neutralize SARS-CoV-2. However, other effects of formaldehyde levels in the air are not yet known on bacteria. This study aims to determine the optimal level of formaldehyde that can be used to neutralize bacteria and is safe for humans. This study used a post-test control group design with formaldehyde level as the independent variable and bacterial colonization as the dependent variable. The results showed that the mean levels of formaldehyde with the bacterial colony respectively were P1 (1.378±0.716; 0.40±0.10), P2 (0.347±0.038; 1.40±0.10), P3 (0.137±0.006; 2.40 ±0.10), P4 (0.042±0.005; 3.32±0.09), and P5 (0.009±0016; 4.40±0.10). The statistical analysis results revealed a value of p0.05, which indicated that the higher the formaldehyde level, the higher the ability to neutralize bacterial activity. The study concluded the optimum level for neutralizing bacterial activity safe for humans is about 0347±0038 mg/m3.

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Section: Levels Of Formaldehyde Vs Colony Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 75%

Neutralize Bacterial Activity With Anatomical Embalming Solutions

Aditya

Wicaksono²,

Afandi³

et al. 2022

Jurnal Riset Kesehatan

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“…However, surface porosity is not the sole factor influencing the effective dose at the surface of a material; further work would be required to verify the effect of surface roughness (effecting formulation wetting), organic content (material demand could reduce available formalin for spore interaction) or the effect of different meteorological conditions (temperature, humidity and solar irradiation) on the hazard reduction levels achieved employing the above application regimes. Such environmental and surface chemical demand factors have been studied under controlled test chamber conditions to determine their effect on the concentration of formalin when applied as a vapour for biological decontamination (Choi et al, 2021). In that study, there was no discolouration or change in physical appearance of material coupons (painted cinder block concrete and bare pine wood) or test chamber components upon formalin vapour exposure (Choi et al, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such environmental and surface chemical demand factors have been studied under controlled test chamber conditions to determine their effect on the concentration of formalin when applied as a vapour for biological decontamination (Choi et al, 2021). In that study, there was no discolouration or change in physical appearance of material coupons (painted cinder block concrete and bare pine wood) or test chamber components upon formalin vapour exposure (Choi et al, 2021). The chemical compatibility of formalin is greater across a wide range of material types (polymers, metals, rubber) than common oxidant decontaminants, such as sodium hypochlorite (Cole Palmer Chemical Compatibility Database, 2022).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dose–response analysis of Bacillus thuringiensis HD-1 cry- spore reduction on surfaces using formaldehyde with pre-germination

Gazi

Bayliss

O'Sullivan³

et al. 2022

Journal of Applied Microbiology

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Aim To establish a basis for rapid remediation of large areas contaminated with Bacillus anthracis spores. Methods and Results Representative surfaces of wood, steel and cement were coated by nebulization with B. thuringiensis HD‐1 cry‐ (a simulant for B. anthracis) at 5.9 ± 0.2, 6.3 ± 0.2 and 5.8 ± 0.2 log10 CFU per cm2, respectively. These were sprayed with formaldehyde, either with or without pre‐germination. Low volume (equivalent to ≤2500 L ha−1) applications of formaldehyde at 30 g l−1 to steel or cement surfaces resulted in ≥4 or ≤2 log10 CFU per cm2 reductions respectively, after 2 h exposure. Pre‐germinating spores (500 mmol l−1 l‐alanine and 25 mmol l−1 inosine, pH 7) followed by formaldehyde application showed higher levels of spore inactivation than formaldehyde alone with gains of up to 3.4 log10 CFU per cm2 for a given dose. No loss in B. thuringiensis cry‐ viability was measured after the 2 h germination period, however, a pre‐heat shock log10 reduction was seen for B. anthracis strains: LSU149 (1.7 log10), Vollum and LSU465 (both 0.9 log10), LSU442 (0.2 log10), Sterne (0.8 log10) and Ames (0.6 log10). Conclusions A methodology was developed to produce representative spore contamination of surfaces along with a laboratory‐based technique to measure the efficacy of decontamination. Dose–response analysis was used to optimize decontamination. Pre‐germinating spores was found to increase effectiveness of decontamination but requires careful consideration of total volume used (germinant and decontaminant) by surface type. Significance and Impact of the Study To be practically achievable, decontamination of a wide area contaminated with B. anthracis spores must be effective, timely and minimize the amount of materials required. This study uses systematic dose–response methodology to demonstrate that such an approach is feasible.

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“…4) Cross Correlation: There were some interdependence observed in the independent variables especially between temperature and formaldehyde emissions from the formalin container due to environment dependent adsorption properties of formaldehyde on surfaces because of its high dipole moment [50]- [52]. Due to these interdependencies there was some correspondence between the variation of these 'independent variables' which have to be taken into account while evaluating the data.…”

Section: Sampling Strategy For Experimental Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Cost Formaldehyde Sensor Evaluation and Calibration in a Controlled Environment

Chattopadhyay

Huertas²,

Rebeiro‐Hargrave

et al. 2022

IEEE Sensors J.

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Formaldehyde is a carcinogenic indoor air pollutant emitted from common wood-based materials. Low-cost sensing of formaldehyde is difficult due to inaccuracies in measuring low concentrations and susceptibility of sensors to changing indoor environmental conditions. Currently gas sensors are calibrated by manufacturers using simplistic models which fail to capture their complex behaviour. We evaluated different low-cost gas sensors to ascertain a suitable component to create a mobile sensing node and built a calibration algorithm to correct it. We compared the performance of 2 electrochemical sensors and 3 metal oxide sensors in a controlled chamber against a photo-acoustic reference device. In the chamber the formaldehyde concentrations, temperature and humidity were varied to assess the sensors in diverse environments. Pre-calibration, the electrochemical sensors (mean absolute error (MAE) = 70.8 ppb) outperformed the best performing metal oxide sensor (MAE = 335 ppb). A two-stage calibration model was built, using linear regression followed by random forest, where the residual of the first stage acted as a input for the second. Post-calibration, the metal oxide sensors (MAE = 154 ppb) improved compared to their electrochemical counterparts (MAE = 78.8 ppb). Nevertheless, the uncalibrated electrochemical sensor showed overall superior performance hence was selected for the mobile sensing node.

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Formaldehyde Vapor Characteristics in Varied Decontamination Environments

Cited by 3 publications

References 18 publications

Neutralize Bacterial Activity With Anatomical Embalming Solutions

Neutralize Bacterial Activity With Anatomical Embalming Solutions

Dose–response analysis of Bacillus thuringiensis HD-1 cry- spore reduction on surfaces using formaldehyde with pre-germination

Low-Cost Formaldehyde Sensor Evaluation and Calibration in a Controlled Environment

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