Formation and chlorination of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in the post-combustion zone during MSW combustion

Jansson, Stina; Fick, Jerker; Marklund, Stellan

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.002

Cited by 76 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The TEQs were 5.0 and 7.4 pg TEQ m −3 for EAF-1 and EAF-2, respectively, which is about two orders of magnitude lower compared to dioxin emission (160 and 560 pg I-TEQ m −3 for EAF-1 and EAF-2, respectively). Studies on PCN emissions have mainly focused on waste incineration, secondary metal smelting, magnesium smelting, and coking processes Liu et al 2010;Jansson et al 2008;Nie et al 2011). The concentrations of PCNs emitted from EAFs were generally comparable to those of reported waste incinerations and secondary metal smelting Jansson et al 2008), but were significantly higher than those of magnesium smelting and coking processes Nie et al 2011).…”

Section: Concentrations Teq and Emission Factor Of Pcns From Eafsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore emission factors need to be developed for the developing of emission inventories and in the frame of the Stockholm Convention-if PCN will be listed-towards a global PCN inventory. In previous studies, emissions of PCNs from secondary nonferrous smelting, waste incineration, and other thermal-related processes have been identified and estimated Liu et al 2010;Jansson et al 2008). Although EAFs have been confirmed to be a "hot spot" for POPs emission (Odabasi et al 2009), PCN emission from EAFs used in steel making has not yet been identified and quantified.…”

Section: Responsible Editor: Philippe Garriguesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies on PCN emissions have mainly focused on waste incineration, secondary metal smelting, magnesium smelting, and coking processes Liu et al 2010;Jansson et al 2008;Nie et al 2011). The concentrations of PCNs emitted from EAFs were generally comparable to those of reported waste incinerations and secondary metal smelting Jansson et al 2008), but were significantly higher than those of magnesium smelting and coking processes Nie et al 2011). The high emission concentrations of pollutants from stationary sources may contribute to the high-burden pollution in the surrounding environment.…”

Section: Concentrations Teq and Emission Factor Of Pcns From Eafsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification and characterization of the atmospheric emission of polychlorinated naphthalenes from electric arc furnaces

Liu

Zheng

et al. 2012

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Electric arc furnaces (EAF) are well recognized as significant sources of dioxins. EAFs have also been speculated to be sources of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) due to the close correlation between dioxin and PCN formation. However, assessment on PCN emissions from EAFs has not been carried out. The primary aim of this preliminary study is to identify and characterize the atmospheric emission of PCNs from EAFs. In this preliminary study, stack gas samples from two typical EAFs with different scales (EAF-1, 160 t batch −1 ; and EAF-2, 60 t batch −1 ) were collected by automatic isokinetic sampling technique, and PCN congeners in samples were analyzed by isotope dilution high-resolution gas chromatography combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry method. Emission concentrations of PCNs were 458 and 1,099 ng m −3 for EAF-1 and EAF-2, respectively. The emission factors of PCNs to air were 21.6 and 30.1 ng toxic equivalent t −1 for EAF-1 and EAF-2, respectively, which suggested that EAF is an important source of PCN release. With regard to the characteristics of PCNs from EAFs, lower chlorinated homologues were dominant. The PCN congeners comprised of CN27/30, CN52/60, CN66/67, and CN73 were the most abundant congeners for tetra-, penta-, hexa-, and hepta-chlorinated homologues, respectively. EAFs were identified to be an important PCN source, and the obtained data are useful for developing a PCN inventory. The congener profiles of PCNs presented here might provide helpful information for identifying the specific sources of PCNs emitted from EAFs.

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Section: Concentrations Teq and Emission Factor Of Pcns From Eafsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Responsible Editor: Philippe Garriguesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Concentrations Teq and Emission Factor Of Pcns From Eafsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification and characterization of the atmospheric emission of polychlorinated naphthalenes from electric arc furnaces

Liu

Zheng

et al. 2012

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…Some studies have been conducted to understand how PCNs form and several formation mechanisms have been suggested such as chlorination of naphthalene, de novo synthesis from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and chlorophenol condensation (Weber et al 2001;Oh et al 2007;Jansson et al 2008;Liu et al 2010). To investigate the formation mechanisms, the relationships between PCNs and other incinerator emission compounds, such as naphthalene, PAHs, and PCDD/Fs, were examined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of polychlorinated naphthalenes in stack gas emissions from waste incinerators

Zheng

et al. 2012

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Nine typical waste incinerating plants were investigated for polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) contents in their stack gas. The incinerators investigated include those used to incinerate municipal solid, aviation, medical, and hazardous wastes including those encountered in cement kilns. PCNs were qualified and quantified by isotope dilution high resolution gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry techniques. An unexpectedly high concentration of PCNs (13,000 ngNm −3 ) was found in the stack gas emitted from one waste incinerator. The PCN concentrations ranged from 97.6 to 874 ngNm −3 in the other waste incinerators. The PCN profiles were dominated by lower chlorinated homologues, with mono-to tetra-CNs being the main homologues present. Furthermore, the relationships between PCNs and other unintentional persistent organic pollutants involving polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls, hexachlorobenzene, and pentachlorobenzene were examined to ascertain the closeness or otherwise of their formation mechanisms. A good correlation was observed between ΣPCN (tetra-to octa-CN) and ΣPCDF (tetra-to octa-CDF) concentrations suggesting that a close relationship may exist between their formation mechanisms. The results would provide an improved understanding of PCN emissions from waste incinerators.

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“…5 In addition to industrial usage, research shows that these compounds can also be generated from thermal processes such as waste incinerations. [6][7][8] Some PCB congeners were proved to exhibit dioxin-like toxicities. 9,10 Because of their high hydrophobicity and lipophilicity, they tend to accumulate in the biota and cast a potential risk to human health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels and distributions of PBDEs and PCBs in sediments of the Bohai Sea, North China

Pan

Tang

et al. 2010

J. Environ. Monit.

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Fifty-four surface sediments covering the whole water body of the Bohai Sea in North China were collected and analyzed for PBDEs and PCBs, to acquire information about their levels, distributions and possible sources. The results show that BDE 209 is the predominant congener with a mean value of 7000 pg g À1 dry weight, two orders of magnitude higher than other BDE congeners. The concentrations of SPBDE 7 (including BDE 28,47, 99, 100, 153, 154 and 183) range from 220 to 900 pg g À1 dw. Significant correlations were found between BDE congeners and total organic content (TOC) (r 2 ¼ 0.48-0.73). Pearson analysis shows that most tri-to hepta-BDE congeners were closely correlated (r 2 > 0.69). Congener patterns varied little among most of the samples and all the detected BDE congeners make a relatively equal mass contribution to SPBDE 7 . Such a profile is notably different from any of the BDE commercial products. As for PCBs, only a few congeners were detected in certain samples. They ranged from nd-610 pg g À1 dw with a mean value of 145 pg g À1 dw, at the lower end of the range reported in remote areas of Europe and North America. The overall burdens of SPBDE 7 and BDE 209 within the upper 3 cm sediment layer were estimated to be 0.95-1.25 t and 11-19 t respectively. The latter accounts for about 0.008-0.014% of total BDE 209 produced in China from 1999 to 2006.

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Formation and chlorination of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in the post-combustion zone during MSW combustion

Cited by 76 publications

References 15 publications

Identification and characterization of the atmospheric emission of polychlorinated naphthalenes from electric arc furnaces

Identification and characterization of the atmospheric emission of polychlorinated naphthalenes from electric arc furnaces

Characterization of polychlorinated naphthalenes in stack gas emissions from waste incinerators

Levels and distributions of PBDEs and PCBs in sediments of the Bohai Sea, North China

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