Formation and oral administration of alginate microspheres loaded with pDNA coding for lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) to Japanese flounder

Immunogenic and protective effects of an oral DNA vaccine against infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in fish

“…These authors also demonstrated induced mucosal immune responses in the vaccinated fish. More recently, [23] proposed that pDNA from loaded alginate microspheres were distributed to immune tissues via the blood and that oral administration of alginate microspheres loaded with pDNA might induce antibody production in the fish for a longer time period than naked pDNA, which was hydrolyzed in the fish's digestive tract. Other authors [29] verified the usefulness of microparticles for oral administration because they can be of an adequate size to be taken by macrophage cells where they can reach the inductive immune site.…”

“…The method described by Tian et al [23] was followed with minor modifications. Briefly, aliquots (2.5 mL) of aqueous solutions containing 3% (m/v) of sodium alginate were mixed with 1.5 mL of the plasmid pcDNA-VP2 (1.5 mg) and the mixture was stirred at 500 rpm for 10 min.…”

Development of a nanoparticle-based oral vaccine for Atlantic salmon against ISAV using an alphavirus replicon as adjuvant

“…In particular, vaccines nanoencapsulated in chitosan deliver antigens in fish [26] and the expression of the encapsulated DNA in different organs [27e29]. This administration is capable of strengthening the immune system of the fish [30], generating a specific response and protection against antigens [28,31,32]. The characteristics and the degree of protection provided by vaccines in chitosan NPs depend on several factors, such as the size of the particles [33], the degree of crosslinking [34], and other physicochemical characteristics of the particles.…”

Viral vaccines for farmed finfish

“…The recently introduced ISAV vaccine from Centrovet uses a proprietary microencapsulation system designed to protect the SVP-based ISAV hemagglutinin esterase antigen from destruction [104]. While the composition of this encapsulation matrix was not disclosed by these authors, other research has been on-going using materials such as alginate and chitosan to improve oral delivery of vaccines in fish [100][101][102]107] and work on this area continues.…”