Formation and Stability of Bromamide, Bromimide, and Nitrogen Tribromide in Aqueous Solution

Galal-Gorchev, Hend; Morris, J. Carrell

doi:10.1021/ic50028a029

Cited by 92 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Reaction 14 is the rate-determining step in which an unstable bromohydrazine is proposed from the N2Brs-transition state suggested by(7). The intermediate, NBr2-, can form from the reaction of OH-with either NBr3 or NHBrz as shown by eq 13.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Kinetics of nitrogen tribromide decomposition in aqueous solution

Inman¹,

LaPointe²,

Johnson³

1976

Inorg. Chem.

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AIC600473Tribromamine decomposes to give nitrogen gas and hypobromous acid accordng to the overall reaction 2NBr3 + 3 0 H --N2 + 3Br-+ 3HOBr. Decomposition rates were measured over the p H range 6.00 f 0.05 to 8.00 i 0.05 for initial bromine to ammonia molar ratios between 4.00 and 12.0. The experimental rate law was found to be -d[NBr3]/dt = k,[NBr3]2[OH-]/[HOBr] + kb[NBr?]*, where k, = 1.07 X lo4 and kb = 0.34 I./(mol s) a t 20 "C. The first term in the rate equation is consistent with a mechanism in which the rate-determining step is preceded by equilibria among NBr3, NHBrz, HOBr, NBr2-, and OH-. Hydroxide may attack either NBr3 or NHBrz to produce NBr2-which subsequently reacts with NBr3. The second term is a simple second-order alternate pathway, occurring in acid solutions.

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mentioning

confidence: 98%

Kinetics of nitrogen tribromide decomposition in aqueous solution

Inman¹,

LaPointe²,

Johnson³

1976

Inorg. Chem.

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“…The chloramines hydrolyze very slowly and only to a slight extent and are an example of CAC. Similar reactions occur with ammonia and HOBr (19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25), but since HOBr is a stronger electrophile than is HOCl, formation rates are faster. Because of rapid bromine transfer between bromamines, equilibrium concentrations of the respective bromamines are obtained rapidly.…”

Section: Inorganic Chloramines and Bromaminesmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…It is formed rapidly and quantitatively by reaction of NH 3 and Br 2 in organic or aqueous media; k(H 2 O /HOBr) ¼ 7.4 Â 10 7 M À1 s À1 at 258C. The solutions are relatively unstable, decomposing as follows: (19). In aqueous media, the decomposition increases with pH and Br/N mol ratio.…”

Section: Monobromaminementioning

confidence: 99%

N‐Halamines

Worley¹,

Wojtowicz²

2004

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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N ‐Halamines are inorganic and organic compounds in which oxidative halogen is chemically bonded to nitrogen. They have both research and commercial importance, particularly in the areas of disinfection of water and stabilization of free halogen. The N ‐halogen bond is formed by reaction of an amine, imine, amide, or imide with halogen, hypohalous acid, or hypochlorite. Only the chloro and bromo derivatives are of commercial importance. The physical and chemical properties, preparation, manufacture, uses, safety and handling, toxicity, and economic aspects of chloramines and bromamines are discussed. The chemistry of chloramines and bromamines is diversified not only because nitrogen and halogen act as reaction sites, but because of the different modes by which these functionalities react. Research activity on synthetic applications of chloramines and bromamines continues to be high. In aqueous solution, the chloramines and bromamines generally undergo hydrolysis to varying degrees forming hypochlorous and hypobromous acids. Thus generally these N ‐halamines can be considered as halogen release agents, and many, eg, chloroisocyanurates, find use in bleaching, disinfecting, and sanitizing applications. Others, such as halogen derivatives of ammonia, are important because they are industrial process intermediates (monochloramine) or of significance in water treatment (mono‐, di‐, and trichloramine). The most recent work has concerned covalent attachment of N ‐halamine moieties to insoluble polymers so as to create biocidal materials with excellent potential for commercial utilization.

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“…Both Galal-Gorchev and Morris (33) and Johnson and Overby (34) have identified and studied the rate reactions of the compounds NH 2 Br, NHBr 2 , and HBr 3 using the ultraviolet absorption spectrophotometry technique. They reported rapid formation of all bromamine species; however, once the bromamines have formed, a series of decomposition reactions take place.…”

Section: Chemistry Of Bromine In Water Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disinfection

Das

2002

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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This article describes some of the historic use of disinfectants and antiseptics, and disinfection practices, along with most modern and emerging technologies that are proving to be more efficient in disinfecting varieties of microorganisms present in water, air, and solid media. In rural areas of India, Bangladesh, Brazil, Peru, China, and other underdeveloped and developing nations, waterborne diseases such as typhoid, cholera, hepatitis, and gastroenteritis infect and kill many infants and children each day, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Wastewaters or water can contain an incredibly large variety of microorganisms, although some are harmless; many, however, are disease causing. These microorganisms must be destroyed before the water is safe to discharge into a receiving body of water or to reclaim and reuse it. With increasing emphasis on promoting a sustainable ecological future and concern over introducing a toxic chemical in the water, the design of the disinfection process is increasingly leaning toward technologies that destroy the pathogens while balancing the effects of this disinfected wastewater on the population of aquatic biota or a drinking water supply. Disinfection (or pasteurization or sterilization) is a process by which pathogenic microorganisms are killed or inactivated to provide public health protection. Disinfectants and antiseptics are chemicals that kill or inactivate microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, protozoans, and fungi. The chemicals (and some physical) agents that combat pathogenic and non‐pathogenic microorganisms are known as disinfectants and antiseptics. Therefore, it is important to have background information about these chemical and physical agents, and their role and how they act in the various disinfection processes. Disinfection is most commonly accomplished by the use of ( 1 ) chemical agents, ( 2 ) physical agents, ( 3 ) mechanical means, and ( 4 ) radiation. Chemical agents that have been used as disinfectants include ( 1 ) chlorine and its compounds, ( 2 ) bromine, ( 3 ) iodine, ( 4 ) ozone, ( 5 ) phenol and phenolic compounds, ( 6 ) alcohols, ( 7 ) heavy metals and related compounds, ( 8 ) dyes, ( 9 ) soaps and synthetic detergents, ( 10 ) quaternary ammonium compounds, ( 11 ) hydrogen peroxide, ( 12 ) various alkalis and acids (eg, peracetic acid), and ( 13 ) antimicrobial nanoemulsions. Physical disinfectants that can be used are heat and light. Heating water to the boiling point, eg, will destroy the major disease‐producing nonspore‐forming bacteria. Heat is commonly used in the beverage and dairy industry, but it is not a feasible means of disinfecting large quantities of wastewater because of the high cost. Bacteria and other organisms are also removed by mechanical means during wastewater treatment operations and processes, including coarse screens, fine screens, grit chambers, plain sedimentation, etc. The major types of radiation that are used for disinfection are ultraviolet (uv), electromagnetic, acoustic, and particle. Gamma rays are emitted from radioisotopes such as Co‐60. Because of their penetration power, uv, gamma rays, and high energy electron‐beam devices have been used to disinfect (sterilize) water, wastewater or sludge, meat, poultry, fish and other foods, and air borne microorganisms or bioaerosols, including anthrax.

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Formation and Stability of Bromamide, Bromimide, and Nitrogen Tribromide in Aqueous Solution

Cited by 92 publications

References 4 publications

Kinetics of nitrogen tribromide decomposition in aqueous solution

Kinetics of nitrogen tribromide decomposition in aqueous solution

N‐Halamines

Disinfection

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