Formation and toxicity of brominated disinfection byproducts during chlorination and chloramination of water: A review

Abstract

Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water exhibit considerable adverse health effects; recent focus is on the brominated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs). The chlorination and chloramination of bromide ion containing water produce reactive bromo species, which subsequently react with natural organic matter (NOM) to yield Br-DBPs. The possible reactions involved in generating DBPs are presented. Identified Br-DBPs include bromomethanes, bromoacetic acid, bromoacetamides, bromoacetonitriles, and bromophenols. Mixed chloro- and bromo-species have also been identified. Pathways of the formation of Br-DBPs have been described. The concentration of Br- ion, pH, reaction time, and the presence of Cu(II) influence the yield of DBPs. The effects of water conditions on the production of Br-DBPs are presented. The epidemiological studies to understand the potential toxic effects of DBPs including Br-DBPs are summarized. Brominated DBPs may have higher health risks than their corresponding chlorinated DBPs. A potential role of an emerging alternate disinfectant, ferrate (FeV)O(2-)4), in minimizing DBPs is briefly discussed.

Ferryl and Ferrate Species: Mössbauer Spectroscopy Investigation

“…Ferrates are soluble in water and have a broad portfolio of applications in energy materials, green organic synthesis, and treating merging contaminants and toxins in water. [15][16][17][18][19] Fe(VI) can perform multimodal actions in water treatment which include oxidation, disinfection, and coagulation. The benign nature of ferrates has advantages over other conventional disinfectants (e.g.…”

Ferrate(VI): A Green Molecule in Odorous Gas Treatment

“…arsenic and phosphate (29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35). Fe(VI) is also an effective disinfectant (36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41). A number of microorganisms can be treated with Fe(VI) and species that are susceptible to Fe(VI) include virus MS2 coliphage f2, Virus Qβ, and Escherichia coli (36,37).…”

Micro versus macro solid phase extraction for monitoring water contaminants: A preliminary study using trihalomethanes

“…This is important since treated wastewater can make up a large proportion of freshwater streams and rivers, particularly in the drier parts of the year and may also be used to water crops and municipal areas such as sports fields. If the recycled water has been chlorinated then DBPs may be present (Sharma et al, 2014). The attenuation rates of recycled water disinfection by-products in a natural reservoir system were recently tested and shown to be quite short, with half-lives ranging from 1.5 to 1.6 days (Williams et al, 2014).…”