Formation, Detection and Removal of NDMA in Water Treatment Process

Liu, An; Chen, Zhong Lin; Yang, Lei

doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.1402

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Schmidt and Brauch 2008). Ozonation has the potential to form NDMA from dimethylamine (via the hydroxylamine pathway) but also may be applied to remove NDMA by oxidation of NDMA precursors or NDMA itself (Li et al 2010). Most of these studies have not been accompanied with effectbased tests, and no conclusions have been drawn about the toxicological relevance of these TPs.…”

Section: Ozonationmentioning

confidence: 98%

Approach for detecting mutagenicity of biodegraded and ozonated pharmaceuticals, metabolites and transformation products from a drinking water perspective

Gartiser

Hafner

Kronenberger-Schäfer

et al. 2012

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Many pharmaceuticals and related metabolites are not efficiently removed in sewage treatment plants and enter into surface water. There, they might be subject of drinking water abstraction and treatment by ozonation. In this study, a systematic approach for producing and effect-based testing of transformation products (TPs) during the drinking water ozonation process is proposed. For this, two pharmaceutical parent substances, three metabolites and one environmental degradation product were investigated with respect to their biodegradability and fate during drinking water ozonation. The Ames test (TA98, TA100) was used for the identification of mutagenic activity present in the solutions after testing inherent biodegradability and/or after ozonation of the samples. Suspicious results were complemented with the umu test. Due to the low substrate concentration required for ozonation, all ozonated samples were concentrated via solid phase extraction (SPE) before performing the Ames test. With the exception of piracetam, all substances were only incompletely biodegradable, suggesting the formation of stable TPs. Metformin, piracetam and guanylurea could not be removed completely by the ozonation process. We received some evidence that technical TPs are formed by ozonation of metformin and piracetam, whereas all tested metabolites were not detectable by analytical means after ozonation. In the case of guanylurea, one ozonation TP was identified by LC/MS. None of the experiments showed an increase of mutagenic effects in the Ames test. However, the SPE concentration procedure might lead to false-positive results due to the generation of mutagenic artefacts or might lead to false-negative results by missing adequate recovery efficiency. Thus, these investigations should always be accompanied by process blank controls that are carried out along the whole ozonation and SPE procedure. The study presented here is a first attempt to investigate the significance of transformation products by a systematic approach. However, the adequacy and sensitivity of the methodology need to be further investigated. The approach of combining biodegradation and ozonation with effect-based assays is a promising tool for the early detection of potential hazards from TPs as drinking water contaminants. It can support the strategy for the evaluation of substances and metabolites in drinking water. A multitude of possible factors which influence the results have to be carefully considered, among them the selectivity and sensibility of the mutagenicity test applied, the extraction method for concentrating the relevant compounds and the biocompatibility of the solvent. Therefore, the results have to be carefully interpreted, and possible false-negative and false-positive results should be considered.

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Section: Ozonationmentioning

confidence: 98%

Approach for detecting mutagenicity of biodegraded and ozonated pharmaceuticals, metabolites and transformation products from a drinking water perspective

Gartiser

Hafner

Kronenberger-Schäfer

et al. 2012

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…[65,[77][78][79] Chloramination and chlorination processes have been shown to generate NDMA. [80][81][82][83][84][85] Ozonation may also generate NDMA. [78] Amines, aminebased polymers, and humic substances are possible candidates for being NDMA precursors because of their possible reactions with water treatment disinfectants such as chlorine, chloramines, and ozone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Formation and toxicity of brominated disinfection byproducts during chlorination and chloramination of water: A review

Sharma

Zbořil

McDonald

2013

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B

134

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Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water exhibit considerable adverse health effects; recent focus is on the brominated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs). The chlorination and chloramination of bromide ion containing water produce reactive bromo species, which subsequently react with natural organic matter (NOM) to yield Br-DBPs. The possible reactions involved in generating DBPs are presented. Identified Br-DBPs include bromomethanes, bromoacetic acid, bromoacetamides, bromoacetonitriles, and bromophenols. Mixed chloro- and bromo-species have also been identified. Pathways of the formation of Br-DBPs have been described. The concentration of Br- ion, pH, reaction time, and the presence of Cu(II) influence the yield of DBPs. The effects of water conditions on the production of Br-DBPs are presented. The epidemiological studies to understand the potential toxic effects of DBPs including Br-DBPs are summarized. Brominated DBPs may have higher health risks than their corresponding chlorinated DBPs. A potential role of an emerging alternate disinfectant, ferrate (FeV)O(2-)4), in minimizing DBPs is briefly discussed.

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Kinetics and mechanism of formation and destruction of N-nitrosodimethylamine in water – A review

Sharma

2012

Separation and Purification Technology

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Formation, Detection and Removal of NDMA in Water Treatment Process

Cited by 5 publications

References 13 publications

Approach for detecting mutagenicity of biodegraded and ozonated pharmaceuticals, metabolites and transformation products from a drinking water perspective

Approach for detecting mutagenicity of biodegraded and ozonated pharmaceuticals, metabolites and transformation products from a drinking water perspective

Formation and toxicity of brominated disinfection byproducts during chlorination and chloramination of water: A review

Kinetics and mechanism of formation and destruction of N-nitrosodimethylamine in water – A review

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