Formation mechanism of highly dispersed semi-embedded ruthenium nanoparticles in porous carbon matrix determined by in situ temperature-programmed infrared spectroscopy

Modulating the surface structure of nanodiamonds to enhance the electronic metal–support interaction of efficient ruthenium catalysts for levulinic acid hydrogenation

“…18,19 Inspired by these ground-breaking investigations, it is crucial for optimizing the electronic states of Ru nanoparticles (Ru NPs) to enhance their activities toward the hydrogenation of levulinic acid. Various protocols, including multi-metal alloy construction, 20,21 surface engineering of metals through organic ligands, 22 metal–support interaction regulation, 23–25 and so on have been adopted to modulate the electronic structures of Ru catalysts. Among them, the precise tailoring and control of the electronic states of the metal catalysts by modulating the metal–support interactions is considered an effective strategy to obtain excellent catalytic performance.…”