“…[ 52,53 ] Obviously, the mentioned NP appearance process above is closely related to the implantation parameters (e.g., fluence, energy, and ion species), the annealing parameters (e.g., temperature, time, and atmosphere), and the matrix materials. [ 54–59 ] In general, the average size of NPs depends on the implanted fluence (normally larger than 10 16 ions cm −2 ), and the NP distribution lies on the implanted energy (range from tens of keV to several MeV). [ 60 ] The optimal annealing temperature (vary from 100 to 1000 °C) and time (tens of minutes to several hours) are strongly associated with the component of NPs and matrixes, in the meanwhile, different atmosphere shows disparate impact on the NP formation as well.…”