Formation of Al∕B[sub 4]C Surface Nano-composite Layers on 7075 Al Alloy Employing Friction Stir Processing

Micro-hardness and wear behavior of AA2014/Al2O3 surface composite produced by friction stir processing

“…The average grain size was reduced from ~ 21.9 µm in base material to ~ 9.2 µm in 1000 rpm sample and further ~ 3.8 µm in 1400 rpm sample, which clearly states that with the increase in the tool rotating speed, the average grain size of the sample reduces. In some studies [38][39][40], clustering and agglomeration were found during the processing, but no major clustering or agglomeration was observed during the present investigation.…”

Production of in-situ hard Ti/TiN composite surface layers on CP-Ti using reactive friction stir processing under nitrogen environment

“…Thus, a fine microstructure is achieved due to the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization phenomena [6,7]. Formation of various composite and nano-composite surface layers were reported on Al [8][9][10], Mg [11][12][13][14][15][16], Cu [17] and Ti [18,19] substrates by introduction of hard ceramic particles such as SiC [11,[16][17][18][19], Al 2 O 3 [9,20], B 4 C [10], C60 [13], multi-walled carbon nano-tubes [12] and SiO 2 [14] into the stir zone; particles were mainly preplaced in a groove in front of the tool. Further works showed significant increases in microhardness and wear resistance of the fabricated composite surface layers compared to those of their underlying substrates [19,20]; these were related to uniform dispersion of hard ceramic particles and fine matrix grain size.…”

Strengthening analyses and mechanical assessment of Ti/Al2O3 nano-composites produced by friction stir processing

“…This mainly results from the long processing time, high electric power consumption and specialized equipment required [8]. In recent years, friction stir processing (FSP) has been used as an effective process in the production of different metal matrix composites [9][10][11][12][13]. Low processing temperature makes it possible to produce composites in solid state condition, which is particularly important when attempting to fabricate nano-composite reinforced particles since these are more prone to reaction with the matrix at elevated temperatures.…”