Formation of nanoparticles of blue haze enhanced by anthropogenic pollution

Zhang, Renyi; Wang, Lin; Khalizov, Alexei F.; Zhao, Jun; Zheng, Jun; McGraw, Robert; Molina, Luisa T.

doi:10.1073/pnas.0910125106

Cited by 246 publications

(259 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…While the water effects on particle growth are taken into account in equation (2) since W R is dependent on RH, growth by ammonia is not considered here. Recent studies have showed that ammonia does not effectively contribute to aerosol growth [Zhang et al, 2009], and the condensation of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 can be in fact similar to that of H 2 SO 4 [Weber et al, 1998]. …”

Section: Other Methods To Calculate Growth Rates (Gr)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, theoretical calculations and observations [Barsanti et al, 2009;Kurten et al, 2008;Smith et al, 2008Smith et al, , 2010 have shown that amines may be involved in J is nucleation rate calculated from PARGAN (that is, J PARGAN ), C is preexponential factor, and P is power, for J = C[H aerosol nucleation in the atmosphere. Laboratory studies also showed that aromatic acids may increase nucleation rates similarly to NH 3 [Zhang et al, 2004] and biogenic organic compounds can enhance aerosol growth rates of H 2 SO 4 aerosols [Zhang et al, 2009].…”

Section: Indirect Chemical Information Of Newly Formed Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[3] H 2 SO 4 is an important aerosol precursor [Ball et al, 1999;Benson et al, 2008;Young et al, 2008;Zhang et al, 2009], because of its low vapor pressure (e.g., 1.88 × 10 −2 Pa at 25°C [Seinfeld and Pandis, 2006]) and its unique ability to form clusters in the atmosphere. Previous atmospheric observations of H 2 SO 4 and NH 3 made for NPF studies are summarized in Table 1 [Weber et al, 1997[Weber et al, , 1998[Weber et al, , 1999.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Correlation of aerosol nucleation rate with sulfuric acid and ammonia in Kent, Ohio: An atmospheric observation

Erupe¹,

Benson²,

Li³

et al. 2010

J. Geophys. Res.

115

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[1] New particle formation (NPF) occurs in various atmospheric environments, and these newly formed particles have the potential to grow to cloud condensation nuclei. But at present it is unclear which chemical species are involved in aerosol nucleation and growth, in part because there are only a limited number of simultaneous measurements of aerosol precursors and aerosol size distributions. Observations of ambient aerosol size distributions, sulfuric acid, and ammonia were made for over a year in Kent, Ohio, a relatively less polluted continental environment. Particle sizes in the diameter range from 3 to 1000 nm were measured continuously through the whole year, while sulfuric acid and ammonia were measured seasonally with two chemical ionization mass spectrometers. Strong NPF events were more frequently found during the spring and fall and less frequently during the summer and winter. The median of measured sulfuric acid was higher in spring (5.2 × 10 6 cm −3 ) and summer (2.9 × 10 6 cm −3 ) than in winter (6 × 10 5 cm −3 ) and fall (5 × 10 5 cm −3 ). We have used the inverse model Particle Growth and Nucleation to derive aerosol nucleation and growth rates from the measured aerosol size distributions. Nucleation rates derived during the NPF events ranged from 1.4 to 12.9 cm −3 s −1 and were proportional to the measured sulfuric acid concentration with a power of 0.6-2.3. Our results show that sulfuric acid is an important aerosol nucleation precursor, but only a small fraction of the aerosol growth rates could be explained by the condensation of sulfuric acid alone. Ammonia mixing ratios did not have a diurnal trend but had some seasonal variations, higher in spring than in fall and winter, typically at sub-ppbv level; aerosol nucleation rates did not show a clear correlation with ammonia at least at this sub-ppbv level, mostly because the ammonia mixing ratios were nearly constant. Our observations also indicate that the role that ammonia plays in aerosol nucleation is more complicated than is currently understood by the aerosol nucleation theories.Citation: Erupe, M. E., et al. (2010), Correlation of aerosol nucleation rate with sulfuric acid and ammonia in Kent, Ohio: An atmospheric observation,

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Section: Other Methods To Calculate Growth Rates (Gr)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Indirect Chemical Information Of Newly Formed Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Correlation of aerosol nucleation rate with sulfuric acid and ammonia in Kent, Ohio: An atmospheric observation

Erupe¹,

Benson²,

Li³

et al. 2010

J. Geophys. Res.

115

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…2A). New particle formation typically corresponds to a regional event, and a variety of compounds have been associated with aerosol nucleation, including sulfuric acid, organics, basic species, and preexisting particles (7,(19)(20)(21)(22)(23). There is a noticeable absence of new particle formation as the pollution episode develops, indicating the suppression of nucleation by preexisting particles.…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Elucidating severe urban haze formation in China

Guo

Zamora

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

1,461

1,046

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Significance We illustrate the similarity and difference in particulate matter (PM) formation between Beijing and other world regions. The periodic cycle of PM events in Beijing is regulated by meteorological conditions. While the particle chemical compositions in Beijing are similar to those commonly measured worldwide, efficient nucleation and growth over an extended period in Beijing are distinctive from the aerosol formation typically observed in other global areas. Gaseous emissions of volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides from urban transportation and sulfur dioxide from regional industry are responsible for large secondary PM formation, while primary emissions and regional transport of PM are insignificant. Reductions in emissions of the aerosol precursor gases from transportation and industry are essential to mediate severe haze pollution in China.

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“…The exact composition of the surface is therefore relevant to many of the chemical reactions that occur in the atmosphere and that affect climate 13 . In addition, organic molecules serve as cloud condensation nuclei [14][15][16] , and nucleation due to sulphuric acid particles is enhanced by the presence of organic compounds [17][18][19] . Therefore, the effect of organic layers on water aerosols in the atmosphere has been the subject of research for several decades, for reviews on the subject see references [20][21][22] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic molecules on the surface of water droplets – an energetic perspective

Hub

Caleman

Spoel

2012

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

100

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The solubility of organic molecules is a well established property, founded on decades of measurements, the results of which have been tabulated in handbooks. Under atmospheric conditions water droplets may form containing small amounts of other molecules. Such droplets typically have a very large area to volume ratio, which may shift the solvation equilibrium towards molecules residing on the droplet surface. The presence of organic molecules on droplet surfaces is extremely important for reactivity -it is well established that certain chemical reactions are more prevalent under atmospheric conditions than in bulk. Here we present a thermodynamic rationalization of the surface solvation properties of methanol, ethanol, propanoic acid, nbutylamine, diethyl ether, and neopentane based on potential of mean force (PMF) calculations -we have previously demonstrated that an energetic description is a very powerful means of disentangling the factors governing solvation (Caleman et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108 (2011) 6838-6842). All organic molecules investigated here are preferentially solvated on the surface of the droplets rather than in the inside, yet the magnitude of surface preference may differ by orders of magnitude. In order to dissect the energetic contributions that govern surface preference, we decompose the PMF into enthalpic and entropic components, and, in a second step, into contributions from water-water and solute-water interactions. The analysis demonstrates that surface preference is primarily an enthalpic effect, but the magnitude of surface preference of solutes containing large apolar groups is enhanced due to entropy. We introduce an analysis of the droplet PMFs that allows one to extrapolate the results to larger droplets. From this we can estimate the solubility of the solutes in water droplets, demonstrating that the solubility in droplets can be orders of magnitude larger than in bulk water. Our findings have implications for understanding the process of electrospray ionization, an important technique in biological mass spectrometry, since our work strongly suggests that in equilibrium biomolecules would be adsorbed on the droplet surface as well.

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Formation of nanoparticles of blue haze enhanced by anthropogenic pollution

Cited by 246 publications

References 37 publications

Correlation of aerosol nucleation rate with sulfuric acid and ammonia in Kent, Ohio: An atmospheric observation

Correlation of aerosol nucleation rate with sulfuric acid and ammonia in Kent, Ohio: An atmospheric observation

Elucidating severe urban haze formation in China

Organic molecules on the surface of water droplets – an energetic perspective

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