Formation of polymeric membranes by immersion precipitation: an improved algorithm for mass transfer calculations

Dissipative particle dynamics simulation on the polymer membrane formation by immersion precipitation

“…The thermodynamic basis of the immersion precipitation method, which is the phase diagram of the polymer/solvent/nonsolvent system, had been well developed [8,9]. Some experimental and simulation works about the kinetics of immersion precipitation process had also been done [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] Koenhen et al [10] found that the growth rate of the precipitation front decreased with increasing polymer concentration. But no details of the phase separation processes could be detected.…”

“…In 1979, Cohen et al [11] developed the first mass transfer model of immersion precipitation. Since then, many improvements had been made by, for example, Smolders and coworkers [12,13], McHugh and coworkers [14][15][16], Gryte and coworkers [17][18][19], Kumar and coworkers [20], Mayes and coworkers [21], Kim and coworkers [22], and Munari and coworkers [23], in the past decades. Because there are many properties difficult to control experimentally, modelling and simulations have been applied on immersion precipitation process to provide a crucial insight and design guidance in recent years [24][25][26][27][28][29].…”

Membrane formation by dry-cast process

“…Thus, there has been considerable motivation for developing mathematical models for phase inversion techniques to eliminate extensive trial and error experimentation and optimize membrane preparation conditions. Most of these mathematical models and corresponding experimental work is focused on wet cast [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] and thermal cast processes [10,[14][15][16]. However, there are relatively few quantitative studies on the dry-cast process even though this technique offers some advantages compared to other phase inversion techniques.…”