Formation of semantic associations between subliminally presented face-word pairs

Duss, Simone B.; Oggier, Sereina; Reber, Thomas P.; Henke, Katharina

doi:10.1016/j.concog.2011.03.018

Cited by 21 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Most importantly, the present results show that associations formed in the course of distinct subliminal events may be integrated. This extends previous evidence of subliminal encoding and retrieval of individual associations (Henke et al, 2003a,b;Degonda et al, 2005;Duss et al, 2011). Finally, the retrieval context in the current experiment called for a flexible retrieval of two intertwined memory traces, whereas the retrieval cues provided in the earlier studies helped to reactivate only one association at a time (Henke et al, 2003a,b;Degonda et al, 2005;Duss et al, 2011).…”

Section: Retrieval (A-c ͼ A-d) Noactivationssupporting

confidence: 71%

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Unconscious Relational Inference Recruits the Hippocampus

Reber¹,

Luechinger²,

Boesiger³

et al. 2012

J. Neurosci.

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Relational inference denotes the capacity to encode, flexibly retrieve, and integrate multiple memories to combine past experiences to update knowledge and improve decision-making in new situations. Although relational inference is thought to depend on the hippocampus and consciousness, we now show in young, healthy men that it may occur outside consciousness but still recruits the hippocampus. In temporally distinct and unique subliminal episodes, we presented word pairs that either overlapped ("winter-red", "red-computer") or not. Effects of unconscious relational inference emerged in reaction times recorded during unconscious encoding and in the outcome of decisions made 1 min later at test, when participants judged the semantic relatedness of two supraliminal words. These words were either episodically related through a common word ("winter-computer" related through "red") or unrelated. Hippocampal activity increased during the unconscious encoding of overlapping versus nonoverlapping word pairs and during the unconscious retrieval of episodically related versus unrelated words. Furthermore, hippocampal activity during unconscious encoding predicted the outcome of decisions made at test. Hence, unconscious inference may influence decision-making in new situations.

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Section: Retrieval (A-c ͼ A-d) Noactivationssupporting

confidence: 71%

“…We used the masking technique of Degonda et al (2005), Duss et al (2011), and. Each subliminal stimulus pair was presented 12 times in a 6 s window, flanked by visual noise masks (Fig.…”

Section: Subliminal Stimulus Presentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unconscious Relational Inference Recruits the Hippocampus

Reber¹,

Luechinger²,

Boesiger³

et al. 2012

J. Neurosci.

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“…We have earlier reported successful subliminal relational encoding and a flexible retrieval of face-word and word-word combinations in behavioural (Duss et al , 2011; Reber and Henke, 2011, 2012) and functional MRI studies (Henke et al , 2003 a , b ; Degonda et al , 2005; Reber et al , 2012, 2014) in normal participants using the same masking paradigm as used in the current study. New semantic word-word associations were established unconsciously even across time points (Reber and Henke, 2012; Reber et al , 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Unconscious relational encoding depends on hippocampus

Duss

Reber

Hänggi

et al. 2014

Brain

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See Mayes (doi:) for a scientific commentary on this article.The hippocampus is thought to support only conscious memory, while neocortex supports both conscious and unconscious memory. Duss et al. show that amnesic patients with damage to the hippocampal–anterior thalamic axis exhibit a diminished form of unconscious encoding and retrieval, suggesting that certain forms of unconscious memory are hippocampus-dependent.

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“…This finding supports our notion that hippocampus-dependent relational encoding and retrieval may proceed with and without conscious awareness of encoding/retrieval (Henke, 2010) and questions views that link hippocampal processing and episodic memory to consciousness (Tulving, 1985; Reber and Squire, 1994; Squire and Zola, 1996; Squire et al, 2007; Moscovitch, 2008). The current and past findings of unconscious relational encoding (Henke et al, 2003a,b; Degonda et al, 2005; Duss et al, 2011; Reber and Henke, 2011, 2012; Reber et al, 2012) and past findings of unconscious relational retrieval (e.g., Greene et al, 2001; Leo and Greene, 2008; Hannula and Ranganath, 2009) are better accommodated by a memory model that divides between memory systems based on processing modes rather than consciousness (Henke, 2010). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Detecting Analogies Unconsciously

Reber

Luechinger

Boesiger

et al. 2014

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Analogies may arise from the conscious detection of similarities between a present and a past situation. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we tested whether young volunteers would detect analogies unconsciously between a current supraliminal (visible) and a past subliminal (invisible) situation. The subliminal encoding of the past situation precludes awareness of analogy detection in the current situation. First, participants encoded subliminal pairs of unrelated words in either one or nine encoding trials. Later, they judged the semantic fit of supraliminally presented new words that either retained a previously encoded semantic relation (“analog”) or not (“broken analog”). Words in analogs versus broken analogs were judged closer semantically, which indicates unconscious analogy detection. Hippocampal activity associated with subliminal encoding correlated with the behavioral measure of unconscious analogy detection. Analogs versus broken analogs were processed with reduced prefrontal but enhanced medial temporal activity. We conclude that analogous episodes can be detected even unconsciously drawing on the episodic memory network.

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Formation of semantic associations between subliminally presented face-word pairs

Cited by 21 publications

References 22 publications

Unconscious Relational Inference Recruits the Hippocampus

Unconscious Relational Inference Recruits the Hippocampus

Unconscious relational encoding depends on hippocampus

Detecting Analogies Unconsciously

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