Formation of Structure and Properties of Two-Phase Ti-6Al-4V Alloy during Cold Metal Transfer Additive Deposition with Interpass Forging

Abstract

The paper deals with the main formation patterns of structure and properties of a titanium alloy of the Ti-6Al-4V system during additive manufacturing using cold metal transfer (CMT) wire deposition. The work aims to find the optimal conditions for layer-by-layer deposition, which provides the high physical and mechanical properties of the titanium alloy of the Ti-6Al-4V system hybrid, additively manufactured using CMT deposition. Particular attention is paid to interpass forging during the layered printing of the product. Additionally, we investigate how the heat treatment affects the structure and properties of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy that has been CMT-deposited, both with and without forging. These studies have shown that the hybrid multilayer arc deposition technology, with interpass strain hardening, allows the use of high temperature and high technology titanium alloys to obtain products of a required geometric shape. It has been proven that the interpass deformation effect during CMT deposition contributes to a significant decrease in the sizes of the primary β-grains. In addition, forging enhances the effect of microstructure refinement, which is associated with phase recrystallization in deformed areas. It is shown that the heat treatment leads not only to a change in the morphology of the phases but also to additional phase formations in the structure of the Ti-6Al-4V-deposited metal while the mechanism is realized and consists of the gradual decomposition of the martensitic α′-phase and the formation of a dispersive α2-phase. This structure formation process is accompanied by the dispersion hardening of the α-phase. The strength characteristics of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy obtained using layer-by-layer CMT with forging are given; they exceed the strength level of materials obtained with the traditional technologies of pressure treatment, and there is no decrease in plasticity characteristics. The use of the subsequent heat treatment makes it possible to increase the ductility characteristics of the deposited and forged Ti-6Al-4V material by 1.5–2 times without strength loss.

Numerical Simulation on Solidification during Vertical Centrifugal Casting Process for TC4 Alloy Wheel Hub with Enhanced Mechanical Properties

“…The peak in the β phase in all three samples did not change significantly. This indicated that the β phase was uniformly distributed along the radial direction of the wheel hub [ 30 , 31 , 32 ].…”

The Effect of the Forging Process on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a New Low-Cost Ti-5Al-1.5Mo-1.8Fe Alloy

“…Refs. [ 42 , 43 , 44 ] stated that alloys with a lamellar microstructure exhibit an improved strength due to modifications in the crack direction and the appearance of secondary crack branching. Figure 9 a shows that modifying the crack path along the α/β phase boundary in a lamellar structure changes the crack propagation direction.…”

Microstructure and Properties of the 308LSi Austenitic Steel Produced by Plasma-MIG Deposition Welding with Layer-by-Layer Peening

“…It was shown in [16][17][18], using several alloys as examples, that the use of layer-by-layer peening during the additive manufacturing of a workpiece reduces stresses, decreases grain size and, as a consequence, increases the mechanical characteristics to the level of the basic metal, reduces the metal's porosity and anisotropy. In the article [19] there was also shown a significant decrease in the anisotropy of the mechanical properties when layer-by-layer shot peening was applied. This approach was used in the present study during the wire plasma deposition welding of workpieces from the 308LSi austenitic steel.…”