Formic Acid

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Physical Properties 3. Chemical Properties 4. Production 4.1. Methyl Formate Hydrolysis 4.1.1. Kemira ‐ Leonard Process 4.1.2. BASF Process 4.1.3. USSR Process 4.1.4. Scientific Design ‐ Bethlehem Steel Process 4.2. Other Processes 4.2.1. Oxidation of Hydrocarbons 4.2.2. Hydrolysis of Formamide 4.2.3. Production of Formic Acid from Formates 4.2.4. Direct Synthesis from Carbon Monoxide and Water 4.2.5. Use of Carbon Dioxide 4.3. Concentration of Formic Acid 4.4. Construction Materials 5. Environmental Protection 6. Quality Specifications 7. Chemical Analysis 8. Storage and Transportation 9. Legal Aspects 10. Uses 11. Economic Aspects 12. Derivatives 12.1. Esters 12.1.1. Methyl Formate 12.1.2. Ethyl Formate 12.1.3. Isobutyl Formate 12.1.4. Miscellaneous Esters 12.2. Salts 12.2.1. Alkali‐Metal and Alkaline‐Earth Metal Formates 12.2.2. Ammonium Formate 12.2.3. Aluminum Formate 12.2.4. Nickel Formate 12.2.5. Copper Formate 13. Toxicology and Occupational Health

Catalytic oxidation of formic acid by dioxygen with an organoiridium complex

“…1b) according to eqn (4). 4 When the reaction was conducted under an O 2 atmosphere, HCOOH → H 2 + CO 2 (4) the stoichiometric CO 2 was evolved with a TON of 170 at 9 h, exhibiting the same time course shown in Fig. 1a, indicating that formic acid was decomposed according to eqn (4).…”

“…Formic acid (HCOOH) is liquid at room temperature 1 with a relatively high volumetric density (d = 1.22 g cm −3 ) and is widely utilised as a preservative and an antibacterial additive for livestock feed. 2 HCOOH can be formed by reduction of CO 2 with H 2 and the catalytic interconversion between HCOOH and H 2 (eqn (1)) has been reported to be ideal for carbonneutral storage and transportation of H 2 . 3-6 H 2 + CO 2 ⇄ HCOOH (1)…”

Theoretical Insight into the Trends that Guide the Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Formic Acid

“…[11,12] However,t hese formic-acid-based technological solutions for hydrogen storagei nevitably emit large quantitieso f CO 2 .T oa chieve aC O 2 -neutral hydrogen storage cycle, we must develop as ustainable process of producing HCOOH from CO 2 . [13][14][15][16] Nowadays, HCOOH is mostly produced from CO and CH 3 OH, [17] as its formation from CO 2 and hydrogen is relatively endothermic [see Equation (1) …”

Gold Nanoparticles Supported on Alumina as a Catalyst for Surface Plasmon-Enhanced Selective Reductions of Nitrobenzene

“…42−44 Formic acid, industrially manufactured by methyl formate hydrolysis and hydrolysis of formamide, is inexpensive, easily handled, and abundantly available with nearly a million tons produced worldwide each year. 45 A number of researches have also been focusing on producing FA sustainably from biomass. 46−50 These make FA another ideal source of hydrogen.…”