Forming Process, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of Thin-Walled 316L Stainless Steel Using Speed-Cold-Welding Additive Manufacturing

Wu, Wei; Xue, Jiaxiang; Wang, Leilei; Zhang, Zhan‐Hui; Hu, Yu; Dong, Changwen

doi:10.3390/met9010109

Cited by 95 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…A thin and tall sample, G3010 (gradual reduction of bottom current, scanning speed was 30 cm/min, cooling time was 10 s), had uniform layer height, as demonstrated in Figure 3a. Through the samples in Figure 3b, Wu et al [96] found that gradual reduction of current improves bottom formation. welding additive manufacturing.…”

Section: Macroscopic Characteristics Of Samplesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…A thin and tall sample, #GRBC-30 cm/min-10 s G3010 (gradual reduction of bottom current, scanning speed was 30 cm/min, cooling time was 10 s), had uniform layer height, as demonstrated in Figure 3a. Through the samples in Figure 3b, Wu et al [96] found that gradual reduction of current improves bottom formation. As shown in Figure 3a,c (samples G3010and G3510), the increase in scanning speed leads to a decrease in the deposition rate, resulting in the unevenness on the outer surface.…”

Section: Macroscopic Characteristics Of Samplesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Wu et al [96] studied the influence of the bottom current mode, scanning speed, and interlayer cooling time on the macro morphologies of 316L stainless steel samples using MIG (metal inert gas) welding additive manufacturing. The process parameters of different samples are listed in Table 4.…”

Section: Macroscopic Characteristics Of Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compared with sample G3000 whose cooling time is 0 s, the morphology of sample G3005 was improved; however, both ends of the layers collapsed due to the extremely high temperature. However, formation of the ends got better if cooling time was increased to 10 or 15 s [96]. Compared to GMAW and GTAW, plasma arc welding based additive manufacturing technology has a more concentrated arc, relatively higher energy density (as listed in Table 5), and shaping precision.…”

Section: Macroscopic Characteristics Of Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of Stainless Steels: A Review

et al. 2020

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Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) has been considered as a promising technology for the production of large metallic structures with high deposition rates and low cost. Stainless steels are widely applied due to good mechanical properties and excellent corrosion resistance. This paper reviews the current status of stainless steel WAAM, covering the microstructure, mechanical properties, and defects related to different stainless steels and process parameters. Residual stress and distortion of the WAAM manufactured components are discussed. Specific WAAM techniques, material compositions, process parameters, shielding gas composition, post heat treatments, microstructure, and defects can significantly influence the mechanical properties of WAAM stainless steels. To achieve high quality WAAM stainless steel parts, there is still a strong need to further study the underlying physical metallurgy mechanisms of the WAAM process and post heat treatments to optimize the WAAM and heat treatment parameters and thus control the microstructure. WAAM samples often show considerable anisotropy both in microstructure and mechanical properties. The new in-situ rolling + WAAM process is very effective in reducing the anisotropy, which also can reduce the residual stress and distortion. For future industrial applications, fatigue properties, and corrosion behaviors of WAAMed stainless steels need to be deeply studied in the future. Additionally, further efforts should be made to improve the WAAM process to achieve faster deposition rates and better-quality control.

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Section: Macroscopic Characteristics Of Samplesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Macroscopic Characteristics Of Samplesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Macroscopic Characteristics Of Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Macroscopic Characteristics Of Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of Stainless Steels: A Review

et al. 2020

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“…In Figure 6, the red crossings represent poor morphology, and the red solid circles indicate good morphology but higher heat input for the low speed. Under the same arc mode, the grain size would be coarse and the performance would be degraded for large heat input [22], so these points were all not the optimal process parameters. From the above analysis, it could be seen that no matter how the speed changed by CMT+P process, as the WFS was 2.5 m/min, the deposition was not continuous and the right part cocked, while when WFS reached to 5.5 m/min, the molten metal began to flow.…”

Section: #Cp5mentioning

confidence: 99%

Process Optimization on Multilayer Morphology During 316L Double-wire CMT+P Deposition Process

Xue

Zhang³

et al. 2019

Metals

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Cold metal transfer (CMT) has been widely used in metal additive manufacturing for its low heat input, less splashing and high efficiency. Wire feeding speed and travelling speed are important processes that affect morphology in CMT deposition. This study optimized the forming process of 30-layer stainless-steel part deposited by double-wire and double-arc CMT plus pulse (CMT+P) process, and investigated the effect of the ratio of wire feeding speed to travelling speed on deposition morphology. The results show that asynchronous arc striking and extinguishing can improve the forming. Moreover, the deposition molding is affected by the interaction of heat input and heat accumulation. With the similar ratio of wire feeding speed to travelling speed and the similar heat input, increasing the wire feeding speed can increase the heat accumulation and the width of sample, and decrease the height. The optimum process interval of wire feeding speed to travelling speed ratio and heat input is 3.9-4.2 and 70-74.8 J/mm, respectively. Although the increasing heat accumulation makes grain coarse and slight decreases mechanical property, the highest deposition rate can be up to 5.4 kg/h, when wire feeding speed and travelling speed are 5 m/min and 120 cm/min, respectively, and the tensile strength and elongation rate of which can reach the basic standard requirements for stainless-steel forgings.Wire feeding speed is important to the final quality of the product [9,10]. The relationship between wire feeding speed (WFS) and travelling speed (TS) has a great effect on the deposited morphology [11][12][13]. Gomez Ortega et al. [11] studied the influence of speed and power on the forming of single welding and multilayer deposition walls by CMT process, and then concluded that gradually increasing TS could realize the uniform width of the deposition. Moreover, Kazanas et al.[12] adopted CMT process to manufacture upright and inclined walls with ER70S-6 and ER4043 wires, and studied the matching process between WFS and TS. The results revealed that the molding was good when the WFS/TS ratio was in a certain proportion of 15. Similarly, Xu et al. [13] researched the process region of maraging steel by CMT single-pass deposition, the results indicated that when WFS and WFS/TS ratio were greater than 6 m/min and 20, respectively, the forming was acceptable.The CMT plus Pulse (CMT+P) process is developed by adding pulse into CMT welding, which realizes alternating transition between CMT and pulse during welding [7], and the heat input can be adjusted freely. In addition, the CMT+P process can refine the droplet by pulse, which could effectively reduce the number and size of porosity [14]. Furthermore, CMT+P process has smaller penetration depth and similar deposition width than CMT. Thus, CMT+P is an appropriate process for material deposition. Ayarkwa et al. [15] built aluminum alloy part by CMT+P mode, and the forming was perfect when the WFS/TS ratio was about 16, however, the WFS/TS ratio of stainless-steel deposition by CMT+P proce...

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Experimental behaviour of Wire‐and‐Arc Additively Manufactured stainless steel rods

et al. 2021

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Recently, metal Additive Manufacturing has gained great importance in many industrial sectors with first pioneering applications in also in the Construction field. In particular, a weld‐based technique called Wire‐and‐Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) allows to build real‐scale structural elements of complex geometry thanks to 6‐axes robotic arms and off‐the‐shelf welding equipment able to print at higher speed thus overcoming the geometrical constraints typical of other 3D printing technologies such as Powder Bed Fusion. Nonetheless, the printing outcomes need to be properly characterized both in terms of their specific material properties, which substantially differ from the feedstock, and the geometrical imperfections proper of the printing process. Among possible deposition strategy for WAAM the dot‐by‐dot printing results to be particularly suitable to realize metal 3D lattice structures made by straight rods. This novel dot‐by‐dot printing could bring to different mechanical parameters with respect to the layer‐by‐layer deposition (widely known and studied in the literature and already adopted for first practical applications). This work presents the first results of a wide experimental investigation carried out at University of Bologna to study the geometrical imperfections and the main mechanical properties (through tensile and compression tests) of WAAM‐produced stainless steel rods of different lengths. First indications are given on the influence of the rods length on the compression capacity Future work is aimed at quantifying the influence of geometrical irregularities (initial crookedness and cross‐section variation) and non‐linear material behavior in the compression response of 3D‐printed rods through numerical studies to calibrate a set of ad‐hoc buckling curves.

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Forming Process, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of Thin-Walled 316L Stainless Steel Using Speed-Cold-Welding Additive Manufacturing

Cited by 95 publications

References 34 publications

Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of Stainless Steels: A Review

Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of Stainless Steels: A Review

Process Optimization on Multilayer Morphology During 316L Double-wire CMT+P Deposition Process

Experimental behaviour of Wire‐and‐Arc Additively Manufactured stainless steel rods

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