Forming process using austempered ductile iron (ADI) in an automotive Pitman arm

Huerta-Larumbe, Lizbeth; Delgado, Eduardo Hurtado; Alvaréz-Vera, M.; Villanueva, Pedro Pérez

doi:10.1007/s00170-016-9771-1

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…As compared with steel castings and forgings, graphite ductile irons (DIs) show higher castability, machinability, vibration dampening, and lower production costs and have been commonly utilized in the manufacturing of automotive components such as camshafts, crankshafts, valves, and agriculture tools such as plough shares and dipper teeth. [ 1–6 ] It is well known that the characteristics of the as‐cast microstructure of a DI play a vital role in the strengthening process by using appropriate heat treatment, adding alloy elements, and applying plastic deformation. [ 7–10 ] In the casting process of the DI, finer as‐cast microstructures, such as smaller grain sizes and graphite nodules with higher nodularity, are desirable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Graphite Ductile Iron Improved by Minor Amount of Dual‐Phased TiC–TiB₂ Nanoparticles

et al. 2021

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Herein, the effects of dual‐phased TiC–TiB2 nanoparticles on the microstructure and tensile properties of graphite ductile irons are investigated. Aluminum master alloys containing the TiC–TiB2 nanoparticles are utilized in the production of novel graphite ductile irons. It is found that the graphite nodules become finer with increased nodularity, smaller average diameter, and incremental amount per unit area. The thickness of ferritic and cementite layers in pearlite is reduced and the orientation becomes more regular. More ferrite is produced in the matrix after adding the nanoparticles. In tensile tests, the yield strength, tensile strength, and ductility are simultaneously improved. Also, it is determined that the cleavage and semicleavage fractures are transformed into ductile fractures after engaging the nanoparticles, which could be associated with more dimples and ductile risers being formed to promote the plastic deformation of the graphite ductile irons.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Graphite Ductile Iron Improved by Minor Amount of Dual‐Phased TiC–TiB₂ Nanoparticles

et al. 2021

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“…Currently, the industrial sector aims to satisfy economic and ecological initiatives of cost and environmental footprint reduction in manufacturing processes by creating materials with excellent mechanical properties and low density and proposing new materials to replace those commonly used [3]. ADIs are attractive as substitutes for steel and aluminum components due to low manufacturing costs and lower environmental impact as well as mechanical properties comparable to steel and superior to aluminum [3][4][5][6][7][8]. The outstanding mechanical properties of ADI derive from the unique ausferritic microstructure composed of graphite nodules (G), carbon-rich austenite (γ hC ) and acicular ferrite (α ac ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical Data-Driven Model for Hardness Prediction in Austempered Ductile Irons

Rodríguez-Rosales

Montes-González

Gómez-Casas

et al. 2022

Metals

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This research evaluates the effect of temperature and time austempering on microstructural characteristics and hardness of ductile iron, validating the results by means of a statistical method for hardness prediction. Ductile iron was subjected to austenitization at 950 °C for 120 min and then to austempering heat treatment in a salt bath at temperatures of 290, 320, 350 and 380 °C for 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. By increasing austempering temperature, a higher content of carbon-rich austenite was obtained, and the morphology of the thin acicular ferrite needles produced at 290 °C turned completely feathery at 350 and 380 °C. A thickening of acicular ferrite needles was also observed as austempering time increased. An inversely proportional behavior of hardness values was thus obtained, which was validated through data analysis, statistical tools and a regression model taking temperature and time austempering as input variables and hardness as the output variable, which achieved a correlation among variables of about 97%. The proposal of a mathematical model for the prediction of hardness in austempered ductile iron represents a numerical approximation which validates the experimental results at 95.20%.

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“…Today, it is an alternative of forged and heat treated steel with lower cost. ADI has been marked potential for numerous applications in heavy, automotive, constraction and farming industry due to indicate superior mechanical properties such as good fatigue resistance, high hardness with good ductility and good wear resistance properties (Aranzabal et al 1997;Zhang et al 2004;Cakir et al 2005;Arun & Sandeep 2016, Larumbe et al 2017.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Investigation on the Surface Austempering of Ductile Cast Iron

Fayyaz¹,

Varahram²,

Davami³

2017

JKUKM

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Forming process using austempered ductile iron (ADI) in an automotive Pitman arm

Cited by 9 publications

References 21 publications

Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Graphite Ductile Iron Improved by Minor Amount of Dual‐Phased TiC–TiB₂ Nanoparticles

Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Graphite Ductile Iron Improved by Minor Amount of Dual‐Phased TiC–TiB₂ Nanoparticles

Statistical Data-Driven Model for Hardness Prediction in Austempered Ductile Irons

An Investigation on the Surface Austempering of Ductile Cast Iron

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Forming process using austempered ductile iron (ADI) in an automotive Pitman arm

Cited by 9 publications

References 21 publications

Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Graphite Ductile Iron Improved by Minor Amount of Dual‐Phased TiC–TiB2 Nanoparticles

Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Graphite Ductile Iron Improved by Minor Amount of Dual‐Phased TiC–TiB2 Nanoparticles

Statistical Data-Driven Model for Hardness Prediction in Austempered Ductile Irons

An Investigation on the Surface Austempering of Ductile Cast Iron

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Product

Resources

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Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Graphite Ductile Iron Improved by Minor Amount of Dual‐Phased TiC–TiB₂ Nanoparticles

Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Graphite Ductile Iron Improved by Minor Amount of Dual‐Phased TiC–TiB₂ Nanoparticles