Formulation and Clinical Advancement of Nanourchins: A Novel Multibranched Nanoparticulate Drug-Delivery System

Abstract

Nanourchins are multibranched nanoparticles with unique optical properties and surface spikes. Because of their unique properties, gold nanourchins have advantages over gold nanoparticles. The most used nanourchins are gold, tungsten, carbon, vanadium and sea urchins. The synthesis of various nanourchins and their clinical advancement are discussed in this review. ZFNs, TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9 are discussed to facilitate understanding of advancements in nanourchins. Nanourchins have been studied for Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and bioimaging. The synthesis of molybdenum diselenide nanourchins and their bioconjugations are also discussed. Nanourchins can be further explored to improve drug targeting and delivery. Researchers from several fields may contribute to the study of nanourchins as prospective nanocarriers with target specificity.

Managing Helicobacter pylori infection: transitioning from conventional to alternative treatment approaches

“…They interact with microbial cell membranes, leading to cell lysis. Synthetic AMP analogs have exhibited anti-H. pylori activity [37,38]. AMPs produced by gastric epithelial cells regulate the bacterial population in the stomach, but H. pylori has evolved resistance mechanisms [39][40][41].…”

“…Discrepant results have been reported, necessitating further studies to ascertain their impact on H. pylori eradication rates and gut microbiota [42][43][44][45][46][47]. In summary, while alternative approaches such as probiotics, prebiotics, and antimicrobial peptides exhibit potential in H. pylori treatment, additional research is required to determine their effectiveness and optimal usage [37].…”

“…Despite their effectiveness, H. pylori has evolved specific resistance mechanisms against host AMPs. The development of new synthetic AMP analogues and further research is actively underway [37,38,[48][49][50].…”