Formulation of a Controlled-Release Carrier for 2-ketones Based on Solid Lipid Nanoparticles to Increase Seedling Growth in Lactuca sativa and Solanum lycopersicum

The Impact of 2-Ketones Released from Solid Lipid Nanoparticles on Growth Modulation and Antioxidant System of Lactuca sativa

“…SLNs evidenced a spherical shape and regular surface with a mean size of 230 nm in concordance with a previous study by Ludtke et al [28]. Moreover, the spherical shape and homogeneous surface of SLNs were confirmed by STEM analysis, which agrees with the study carried out by Oehlke et al [29] and Fincheira et al [30]. ζ-potential plays an important role in determining the stability of an SLN suspension, where high values should be achieved to form a high energy barrier, favoring good stability [31,32].…”

“…The release of 2-nonanone and 2-undecanone increased as the encapsulated dose increased, remaining constant for 72 h. This suggests that both compounds interact similarly with the lipid matrix, independent of the encapsulated dose at 125 and 500 µL L −1 . It noteworthy that doses of 2-tridecanone showed a lower release than 2-nonanone, which can be explained by the higher affinity and retention of the long carbon-ketone chain (13 carbons) with the lipid matrix [30,33]. Hence, the volatilization of 2-tridecanone is prevented by the highest number of carbon and molecular weights due to its greater stability inside the lipid matrix.…”

“…Previous studies showed relevant evidence that those doses from 125 to 500 µL L −1 of 2-nonanone and 2-tridecanone released from lipid NPs significantly increase the growth of L. sativa and Lycopersicum esculentum with exposure during 10 days [30,33]. Nevertheless, there are no known studies covering 14-day exposure and its physiological effects on the antioxidant system.…”

“…SLNs containing 125, 375, or 500 µL L −1 of 2-nonanone or 2-tridecanone were synthesized by high shear homogenization, followed by an ultrasonication method [30,55]. The lipid phase composed of glyceryl tristearate (Sigma-Aldrich ® ) (5% w/v) was dissolved in 4 mL of hexane (MerckMilipore ® , Bedford, MA, USA) at 70 • C. Subsequently, 125, 375, or 500 µL L −1 of 2-nonanone or 2-tridecanone (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was added to the lipid phase.…”

“…Detector temperature, 250 • C; gas, H 2 at 45.00 mL min −1 and air at 450.00 mL min −1 . The quantification of 2-nonanone and 2-tridecanone was performed by external calibration curves with commercial standards purchased from Sigma-Aldrich ® (Steinheim, Germany) [30,33].…”