Formulation of sage essential oil (Salvia officinalis, L.) monoterpenes into chitosan hydrogels and permeation study with GC-MS analysis

Abstract

This study deals with the formulation of natural drugs into hydrogels. For the first time, compounds from the sage essential oil were formulated into chitosan hydrogels. A sample preparation procedure for hydrophobic volatile analytes present in a hydrophilic water matrix along with an analytical method based on the gas chromatography coupled with the mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed and applied for the evaluation of the identity and quantity of essential oil components in the hydrogels and saline samples. The experimental results revealed that the chitosan hydrogels are suitable for the formulation of sage essential oil. The monoterpene release can be effectively controlled by both chitosan and caffeine concentration in the hydrogels. Permeation experiment, based on a hydrogel with the optimized composition [3.5% (w/w) sage essential oil, 2.0% (w/w) caffeine, 2.5% (w/w) chitosan and 0.1% (w/w) Tween-80] in donor compartment, saline solution in acceptor compartment, and semi-permeable cellophane membrane, demonstrated the useful permeation selectivity. Here, (according to lipophilicity) an enhanced permeation of the bicyclic monoterpenes with antiflogistic and antiseptic properties (eucalyptol, camphor and borneol) and, at the same time, suppressed permeation of toxic thujone (not exceeding its permitted applicable concentration) was observed. These properties highlight the pharmaceutical importance of the developed chitosan hydrogel formulating sage essential oil in the dermal applications.

Sage Species Case Study on a Spontaneous Mediterranean Plant to Control Phytopathogenic Fungi and Bacteria

“…Due to the higher hydrophobicity of compounds, innovative preparations have been developed to improve EOs aqueous dispersions, for example by absorbing them in a swelling matrix of semisynthetic copolymers [135,148], nanocapsule suspensions [149], microencapsulation within alginate [150] or solid lipid nanoparticles [151]. Kodadová et al [152] have formulated S. officinalis EO monoterpenes into a chitosan-based hydrogel, while nanoemulsions containing Salvia multicaulis Vahl EO, have recently been pinpointed to enhance the safe control of food-borne bacteria [153].…”

Methylcellulose Hydrogel with Melissa officinalis Essential Oil as a Potential Treatment for Oral Candidiasis

“…In general, diffusion and drug release are affected by different parameters such as the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the drug, the surface area and geometry of the hydrogel, the type and volume of solvent, the degradation of the hydrogel, the mesh size and the swelling rate [36]. Different volumes, solvents, ratios of hydrogel to solvent, flasks (e.g., universal, conical flasks), the presence of dialysis membranes and different shaking rate were found to be variable in a review of the literature [23,[37][38][39][40]. In the current study, the drug release was evaluated over 48 h, the amount of compounds released were a function of the initial content of oil.…”

Repositioning Natural Antioxidants for Therapeutic Applications in Tissue Engineering

“…[169] Cellulose acetate-gelatin [162] CH [168] Collagen [159,161] Gelatin derivates-collagen [158] HPG [164] PA-6 [167] PCL [48,100,165] PCL-gum [163] PEG-ALG [109] PLA [127,166] PLA-derivatives [152] PVA derivates [169] Controlled release Astaxanthin [170][171][172] Caffeic acid [173] Curcumin [116,[174][175][176] Cystamine [73] EGCG [177,178] Morin [126] Ostholamide [158] Quercetin [157] Rosmarinic acid [179] Sage E.O. [180] Thymol [181] Thymus (polyphenol extract) [168] ALG [170,177] CH-derivates [116,171] CH [168,180] Gelatin [178] Gelatin derivates-collagen [158] PBAE [73,176] PCL [175] Porcine pericardium (decellularized) [157] PVA <...>…”

“…[165,193] Plumbagin [159] Punica granatum (peel extract) [215] Quercetin [125,201] Rosemary (extract) [127] Rosmarinic acid [216] Sage E.O. [180] Teucrium polium (extract) [130] Thyme and Oregano E.O. [217][218][219] Thymol [132,220,221] Vitamin E [222] Zataria Multiflora E.O.…”