Formulation, production, in vitro release and in vivo pharmacokinetics of cinnamaldehyde sub-micron emulsions

The Therapeutic Roles of Cinnamaldehyde against Cardiovascular Diseases

“…Extensive research has been conducted to investigate the physicochemical features of CA. Laboratory data has revealed that CA, which naturally exists in trans -CA form, is poorly dissolved in water but possesses superior solubility in organic solvents such as ethyl alcohol, acetic acid, and propylene glycol [ 15 , 31 ]. Furthermore, CA is volatile and can be easily oxidized to cinnamic acid when exposed to an oxygen-owning environment, which makes it unstable in the bloodstream [ 32 ].…”

“…By loading in biomaterials, the bioactive compounds could overcome own shortcomings including poor water solubility, low retention, burst release, and rapid clearance, accompanied by acquisition of desirable stability and bioavailability [ 44 ]. There is evidence that CA encapsulated in certain nanocarriers obtains decreased cytotoxicity and increased bioavailability, yet whether these constituents possess sanative roles in inhibiting CVDs development is outside the scope of existing investigations [ 31 , 32 ]. As such, further in vivo experiments should be undertaken for purpose of optimizing the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics associated with curative potentials of CA.…”

“…Furthermore, CA is volatile and can be easily oxidized to cinnamic acid when exposed to an oxygen-owning environment, which makes it unstable in the bloodstream [32]. With a molecular formula of C 9 H 8 O weighing 132.2, CA (or 3-phenyl-2-propenal) displays a relatively low melting point of -7.5 °C and a high boiling point of 248 °C, determining its liquid form in the daily application [14,31]. Considering that the pharmacokinetic parameters of medications are vital for the apprehension of functional mechanisms and the guidance of further clinical practice, several scholars have analyzed the pharmacokinetics of CA through multiple detection techniques [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] (Table 1).…”

“…With a molecular formula of C 9 H 8 O weighing 132.2, CA (or 3-phenyl-2-propenal) displays a relatively low melting point of -7.5 °C and a high boiling point of 248 °C, determining its liquid form in the daily application [14,31]. Considering that the pharmacokinetic parameters of medications are vital for the apprehension of functional mechanisms and the guidance of further clinical practice, several scholars have analyzed the pharmacokinetics of CA through multiple detection techniques [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] (Table 1). Based on the results of gas chromatographymass spectrometry, intravenous administration was a preferable mode of bioavailability for CA when compared to the oral route, as reflected by the low AUC 0-t , short T 1/2 and T max , and high C max in the group that adopted intravenous delivery [35].…”

Novel Curcumin Derivative-Decorated Ultralong-Circulating Paclitaxel Nanoparticles: A Novel Delivery System with Superior Anticancer Efficacy and Safety

“…This methodology was utilized to prepare the PTX-SLN@CUD nanodrug delivery system as it is simple, reliable, and expected to quantify the production. 52 The resulting PTX-SLN@CUD successfully overcomes the problem of low entrapment efficiency, which is prevalent for nanomedicines, as great entrapment efficiency (94.20 ± 0.49%) is key for it to exert therapeutic effects. Considering the stability and the necessary space provided by the carrier CUD, it was able to increase its physical stability.…”