“…Finally, financial historians, like Ahamed (2009) and Ferguson (2008), have suggested that financial crises are often preceded by bubbles in the asset and commodity markets, which, in turn is vindicated by Phillips and Yu (2011) based on formal tests of bubble detection in real-time. 1 See for example, Rasche and Tatom (1977), Mork and Hall (1980), Hamilton (1983Hamilton ( , 2011, and Hickman et al (1987), Balke et al, (2002Balke et al, ( , 2010, Brown and Yücel (2002), Barsky and Kilian (2004), Jones et al (2004), Kilian (2008aKilian ( ,b, 2009a, Elder and Serletis (2010), Nakov and Pescatori (2010), Baumeister and Peersman (2013a,b), Kang and Ratti (2013a, b), Antonakakis et al, (2014a), Bjørnland and Larsen (2015), and Baumeister and Kilian (2015), and references cited therein.. 2 More recent studies followed, and includes that of of Fischer and Merton (1984), Barro (1990), Fama (1981Fama ( , 1990, Harvey (1989), Stock and Watson (1989), Choi et al (1999), Schwert (1990), Estrella and Mishkin (1998), Colombage (2009), Nyberg (2010), Mili et al (2012), and Erdogan et al, (2015). 3 Interestingly, Campbell et al (2001) proposes that the variance of stock returns, rather than the returns themselves, have predictive content for output growth.…”