Forward osmosis–membrane distillation hybrid system for desalination using mixed trivalent draw solution

Water and nutrient recovery by a novel moving sponge – Anaerobic osmotic membrane bioreactor – Membrane distillation (AnOMBR-MD) closed-loop system

“…The water flux J w (L/m 2 h), reverse salt flux J s (g/m 2 h) and specific reverse salt flux (J s /J w , g/L) were calculated according to our previous studies (Nguyen et al, 2016a, Nguyen et al, 2020a.…”

Making zero-liquid discharge desalination greener: Utilising low-grade heat and vacuum membrane distillation for the regeneration of volatile draw solutes

“…Gypsum formation could be reduced in the MD system by having FO as first membrane barrier, which is typically operated at ambient pressure and temperature and is hence less troubled by irreversible membrane fouling. Due to this synergy between FO and MD, these systems have gained a significant research interest [39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46].…”

Interplay of the Factors Affecting Water Flux and Salt Rejection in Membrane Distillation: A State-of-the-Art Critical Review

“…Studies on MD have advanced rapidly with a substantial increase in publications since 2010 (Figure 1). Recently, research on MD has focused on novel hydrophobic membranes with antiwetting and anti-fouling properties for various MD applications [42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52], Janus membranes with significantly reduced specific energy consumption for MD [53,54], and hybrid MD systems [55][56][57]. In addition, since Lawson and Lloyd [58] published the extensively cited comprehensive review paper in 1997, numerous review papers covering various aspects of MD have been published.…”