Forward sound propagation around seamounts : application of acoustic models to the Kermit-Roosevelt and Elvis seamounts

Abstract

The Basin Acoustic Seamount Scattering Experiment (BASSEX) of 2004 was conducted to measure forward-scattering around the Kermit-Roosevelt Seamount Complex in the Northeast Pacific. The BASSEX experiment was focused on the bathymetric effects on acoustic propagation, in particular, on direct blockage, horizontal refraction, diffraction, and scattering by the seamounts. A towed hydrophone array, with 64 sensors cut for 250Hz (3m spacing), was used to measure the signals transmitted from the aforementioned broadband sources at many locations around the Kermit-Roosevelt and Elvis seamounts. Utilizing the measured broadband signals from the towed array, the size of the shadow zone was obtained. The measured data in the BASSEX experiment strongly support the understanding of the complicated phenomena of sound propagation around the seamounts. In addition, the experimental data could be used to validate current 2D and 3D theoretical models and develop new models to properly realize the sound propagation with such complicated phenomena.In this thesis, the reconciliation between the measured pulse arrivals from the BASSEX experiment and various two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) theoretical models is carried out to investigate the physical characteristics of the sound propagation around seamounts: First, the 2D Parabolic Equation (PE) model and the 2D ray tracing model are used to reconcile each ray arrival with the BASSEX experiment in terms of arrival time and grazing angle. We construct a sound speed field database based on the sound speed profiles from the BASSEX experiment, World Ocean Atlas (WOA)2005, and CTD casts using the objective analysis.Second, 3D broadband sound propagation around a conical seamount is 4 investigated numerically using the 3D spectral coupled-mode model (W. Luo, PhD Thesis, MIT, 2007). Since the calculation of 3D broadband pulses with the spectral coupledmode model requires extensive computation time, a parallel program is developed with a clustered computing system to obtain results in reasonable time. The validation of the 3D spectral coupled-mode model is performed by a series of comparisons between the various 2D and 3D models for a shallow-water waveguide. The Kermit-Roosevelt seamount is modeled by a simple conical seamount for the 3D model. The computed 3D broadband pulses for the modeled conical seamount are compared with those from the BASSEX experiment and the 2D PE simulation.Through this analysis, we examine the limit of the application of the sound propagation models and improve the efficiency of the 3D sound propagation model using parallel computing to obtain a broadband pulse in a reasonable amount of time.

Three-Dimensional Sound Propagation in the South China Sea with the Presence of Seamount

“…The results showed that the TL increased up to about 15 dB because the deep refracted waves would be blocked by the seamount, and the shadowing loss behind seamount was an f 1/2 dependence at frequencies greater than 50 Hz. Kim studied the mechanisms of sound propagation around seamounts [6]. The BAS-SEX experiment carried out in the Northeast Pacific around the Kermit Roosevelt seamounts in 2004 measured the broadband pulses and found that the convergence and shadow zones behind the seamounts were matched well between the experiment data and 3D sound propagation model results.…”

“…Since the effects of seamounts are complex and the efficiency of numerical methods is usually low, previous studies on the sound propagation of seamounts mostly used 2D or N×2D models. With the deepening of ocean acoustics research, the focus gradually shifted to research about the 3D sound propagation phenomena of seamounts [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9].…”

Analysis of Influence of the Seamount in the South China Sea on Sound Propagation

“…Physical experiments and theoretical approaches have been explored over the past several decades. Reference [5] studied the mechanisms of sound propagation around seamounts. The BASSEX experiment carried out in the Northeast Pacific around the Kermit Roosevelt seamounts in 2004 measured the broadband pulses and found that the convergence and shadow zones behind the seamounts were matched well between the experiment data and three-dimensional sound propagation model results.…”

Study on effects of complex bathymetry on the deep acoustic field in Western Pacific Ocean

“…As the lower boundary of the underwater acoustic field, the seabed bathymetry has a significant influence on acoustic propagation, which is critical for signal level (S) estimation of high precision. There have been many related studies on the effect of bathymetry on acoustic propagation [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Weston proposed the concept of horizontal refraction and found that the sloping bottom and seamount would cause strong horizontal refraction effects [6].…”

“…Weston proposed the concept of horizontal refraction and found that the sloping bottom and seamount would cause strong horizontal refraction effects [6]. Kim used the data obtained from the BASSEX to study the problem of acoustic propagation around seamounts, in particular, direct blockage, horizontal refraction, diffraction, and scattering by the seamounts, and verified the existence of horizontal refraction [7]. Li et al found that seamounts could cause three-dimensional acoustic horizontal refraction [8] [9].…”