Fouling-proof triple stream 3D flow focusing based reactor: Design and demonstration for iron oxide nanoparticle co-precipitation synthesis

Microwave-assisted flow synthesis of multicore iron oxide nanoparticles

“…For the system studied magnetite/maghemite formation is expected to occur within 3 s (at 60 • C) and within ~30 s at room temperature [36]. Hence higher temperature (as well as higher pH) results in faster magnetite/maghemite formation [37,38]. The temperature dependant particle formation kinetics with timescales comparable to the residence time, involving intermediate phases which are likely to have different aggregation likelihoods, explains the sensitivity of IONP properties (e.g., single and multicore dimensions) to the synthetic conditions.…”

Non-fouling flow reactors for nanomaterial synthesis

“…79,119 On-chip 3D hydrodynamic focusing devices have been used in many occasions for the production of nanoparticles including polymeric 119,123 and inorganic materials. 79,120,124 The advantage in fouling resistance over 2D hydrodynamic focusing devices is illustrated in Fig. 6b where fouling at the top and bottom walls is only observed in the 2D version of the device, shortly after mixing of the reactants.…”

“…78 Resistance to reactor fouling has been observed after particle stabilisation, for example for flow syntheses of iron oxide stabilised via tetraethylammonium hydroxide. 79 However, nanoparticle formation and stabilisation are likely to occur at different timescales (with stabilisation being usually slower). Hence, fouling due to agglomeration or adhesion of not yet stabilised nanoparticles at the wall may still occur during the initial stages of the synthesis.…”

“…6c) allowing the sheath streams to engulf the core stream. 79,120,124 CFD simulations have been shown to be a simple but valuable tool when designing custom geometries to enable 3D flow focusing. 79,119 On-chip 3D hydrodynamic focusing devices have been used in many occasions for the production of nanoparticles including polymeric 119,123 and inorganic materials.…”

Horseshoe lamination mixer (HLM) sets new standards in the production of monodisperse lipid nanoparticles

“…40,41,45 Nozzle configurations with 3D hydrodynamic flow focusing reduce material-wall interactions, while abrupt path and cross-section changes should be minimized. 41,46 An additional protective separation layer through an additional stream 47,48 or mixing by 3D emulsification 8 can create a sufficient distance between particles and channel surfaces and improve the quality of the product. Ideal mixing conditions can be achieved with the baker's transformation, in which a high number of layersadding up to a chaotic distribution of all particlesis achieved by repeated stretching, cutting, and stacking of the solutions.…”