Foundations of Epidemiology.

Lilienfeld, David E.; Stolley, P. D.

doi:10.2307/2533364

Cited by 272 publications

(328 citation statements)

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“…Estimates of disease prcvalence and 05% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated from the Poisson distribution (24). All comparisons between cases and controls and family membcrs were tested for statistical significance using chi-square with Yates' correction, or, when appropriate, Fisher's exact test (Ztailed), as well as odds ratios (OR) and exact 95% CI from the same 2 X 2 tables using the EPI-INFO statistical program (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA) (25).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased prevalence of systemic sclerosis in a native american tribe in oklahoma. Association with an amerindian HLA haplotype

Arnett

Howard

Tan

et al. 1996

Arthritis & Rheumatism

213

156

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Objective. To investigate a high prevalence of systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma) in a well-defined population of 21,255 Choctaw Indians residing in 8 southeastern Oklahoma counties who were "users" of Indian Health Services.Methods. A case-control study of 12 SSc cases and 48 matched non-SSc controls (4 per case) was conducted to investigate potential occupational, residential, and infectious exposures, as well as genetic factors which might predispose to SSc. HLA class I1 alleles were determined by DNA oligotyping, and class I and 111 alleles were defined serologically.Results. The prevalence of SSc in full-blooded Choctaws was at least 8/1,704, or 469/100,000 (95% confidence interval 195% CI] 203-930) over the 4-year interval 1990-1994 and was significantly higher than that among non-full-blooded Choctaws (6/19,551, or 31/100,000) (P = 0.00001, odds ratio [OR] = 15.4, 95% CI 4.9-49.8). The overall prevalence of SSc in Oklahoma Choctaws (66/100,000) also was significantly higher than that in other Native Americans in Oklahoma (9.5/100,000) (P = OR = 6.95, 95% CI Supported by granls from the Sclerodcrma Federation/ United Sclerodcrma Foundation, and the RGK Foundation.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased prevalence of systemic sclerosis in a native american tribe in oklahoma. Association with an amerindian HLA haplotype

Arnett

Howard

Tan

et al. 1996

Arthritis & Rheumatism

213

156

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Non-homogeneous data may lead to the Simpson's paradox, which results in erroneous conclusions (Simpson, 1951). The Mantel-Haenszel test (Lilienfeld and Stolley, 1994) overcomes this limitation by accounting for the possible heterogeneity among data instances. Thus, the MantelHaenszel test was always applied in addition to the G-test.…”

Section: Statistical Inferencementioning

confidence: 99%

Computational characterization of B-cell epitopes

Rubinstein

Mayrose

Halperin

et al. 2008

Molecular Immunology

220

233

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Characterizing B-cell epitopes is a fundamental step for understanding the immunological basis of bio-recognition. To date, epitope analyses have either been based on limited structural data, or sequence data alone. In this study, our null hypothesis was that the surface of the antigen is homogeneously antigenic. To test this hypothesis, a large dataset of antibody-antigen complex structures, together with crystal structures of the native antigens, has been compiled. Computational methods were developed and applied to detect and extract physico-chemical, structural, and geometrical properties that may distinguish an epitope from the remaining antigen surface. Rigorous statistical inference was able to clearly reject the null hypothesis showing that epitopes are distinguished from the remaining antigen surface in properties such as amino acid preference, secondary structure composition, geometrical shape, and evolutionary conservation. Specifically, epitopes were found to be significantly enriched with tyrosine and tryptophan, and to show a general preference for charged and polar amino acids. Additionally, epitopes were found to show clear preference for residing on planar parts of the antigen that protrude from the surface, yet with a rugged surface shape at the atom level. The effects of complex formation on the structural properties of the antigen were also computationally characterized and it is shown that epitopes undergo compression upon antibody binding. This correlates with the finding that epitopes are enriched with unorganized secondary structure elements that render them flexible. Thus, this study extends the understanding of the underlying processes required for antibody binding, and reveals new aspects of the antibody-antigen interaction.

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“…Active surveillance is defined as the periodic collection of samples or case reports from veterinary health authorities [6,12]. For example, conducting a diagnostic survey is an active surveillance approach to obtain valid information on the disease or infection status of a population at a given time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Passive surveillance is defined as the reporting of clinical suspect cases to the health authorities [12]. It is called 'passive' because the decision to test an animal or a sample is made by the animal owner, practitioner or meat inspector and not by the veterinary authority [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation and optimization of surveillance systems for rare and emerging infectious diseases

2008

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-Surveillance for rare and emerging infectious diseases poses a special challenge to veterinary services. Most emerging infectious diseases like bovine tuberculosis (bTB) are zoonoses, affecting both human and animal populations. Despite the low prevalence of such an emerging infectious disease at time of incursion, the surveillance system should be able to detect the presence of the disease as early as possible. Because passive surveillance is a relatively cost-effective and therefore commonly used process, it is the basic tool for infectious disease surveillance. Because of under-reporting in passive surveillance, cost-intensive active surveillance is often required to increase the sensitivity of the surveillance system. Using scenario tree modelling, the sensitivity of passive and active surveillance system components (SSC) can be quantified and an optimal, cost-effective surveillance system developed considering the contributions of each SSC. We illustrate this approach with the example of bTB surveillance in Switzerland where the surveillance system for bTB consists of meat inspection at the slaughterhouse (SLI), passive clinical surveillance on farm (CLIN) and human surveillance (HS). While the sensitivities for CLIN and HS were both negligible (<1%), SLI was assessed to be 55.6%. The scenario tree model showed that SLI is increasable up to 80.4% when the disease awareness of meat inspectors in Switzerland is enhanced. A hypothetical random survey (RS) was also compared with a targeted survey (TS) in high-risk strata of the cattle population, and the sensitivity of TS was 1.17-fold better than in RS but with 50% of the sample size.scenario tree modelling / surveillance system / emerging infectious disease / bovine tuberculosis / Switzerland

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Foundations of Epidemiology.

Cited by 272 publications

References 0 publications

Increased prevalence of systemic sclerosis in a native american tribe in oklahoma. Association with an amerindian HLA haplotype

Increased prevalence of systemic sclerosis in a native american tribe in oklahoma. Association with an amerindian HLA haplotype

Computational characterization of B-cell epitopes

Evaluation and optimization of surveillance systems for rare and emerging infectious diseases

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