“…The paper footballs in this activity are triangular, similar in shape to the prolate spheroid American football or a rugby ball. Game-based learning employs experiential activities as an alternative or complementary approach to instruction and has been found to increase participant motivation, engagement, concentration, connection between theory and practice, and learning outcomes (Heineke, 1997;Plass, Homer, & Kinzer, 2015;Schiefele, 1991;Shaffer, Squire, Halverson, & Gee, 2005;Wright & Gilmore, 2012). Studying PDSA through experiential learning is consistent with the supply chain management (SCM) educational literature, which has been encouraging greater incorporation of game-based learning (e.g., Althouse & Hedges, 2015;Cyrs, 1994).…”